京师大学堂与现代大学制度肇始考辨

Study of the Commence of Imperial University of Peking and Modern University System

甲午中日战争以后,清政府为挽救危如累卵的统治,实施教育救国战略,创办了"以日为师"的京师大学堂。该学堂确立"通才"的培养目标,并初步形成大学的学科体系,具备了现代大学制度的雏形。但是,由于受到传统理念的框制,现代大学精神却未能在京师大学堂萌生:位列众学科之首的经学科,钳制了学术自由;作为封建官僚机构的附庸,限制了大学自治;封建的办学宗旨,凸显了"官僚养成所"的本质。徒具大学之"范型"的京师大学堂依然缺少现代大学之"灵魂"。

After the Sino-Japanese war, the Qing government implements the strategy of saving the nation by education and sets up Imperial University of Peking ＂with Japan being as the teacher＂ in order to save the extremely precarious rule. The Imperial University establishes the training goal of ＂generalist＂ and initially forms the academic system of the university; therefore, the modern university system has taken shape. However, the spirit of the modern university fail to sprout in Imperial University of Peking due to the restraint of traditional concepts： the subject of classics which is the head of all subjects restrictes academic freedom; the dependency of the feudal bureaucracy restricts the university autonomy; the feudal mission of the school highlights the essence of ＂bureaucrat formation＂. There still lacks the ＂soul＂ of modern university in Imperial University of Peking which only has the specious ＂paradigm＂ of the university.