敦煌莫高窟8窟壁画材质及制作工艺研究

On the Materials and Making Techniques of the Murals in Cave 8 of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang

为了获取莫高窟8窟唐代壁画的材质及制作工艺信息,本研究利用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射分析仪、可见-红外光纤光谱、扫描电镜能谱、激光粒度分析仪等多种分析技术对莫高窟8窟壁画地仗层、白粉层及颜料层进行科学的检测分析。结果表明:8窟壁画粗、细泥层所加纤维不同,粗泥层为麦草、细泥层为麻,纤维含量在2.0%~4.0%间。地仗层以粘粒(小于5微米)为主,不含砂粒,粗、细泥层平均粒径约为2~3微米。地仗层主要无机物成分与澄板土基本相同,白粉层为滑石。颜料检测结果显示,红色颜料为土红、朱砂、铅丹。绿色颜料为氯铜矿,蓝色为天然青金石,黄色颜料为雌黄。该研究成果对后期8窟壁画修复及保护具有重要指导意义。

To obtain the information about the materials and making techniques of the murals in Cave 8 of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, portable XRF, XRD, visible-infrared light spectrum, SEM-EDX, laser particle size analyzer and other instruments and technologies are used to test and analyze the base plaster layer, white powder ground layer and painting layer of the murals in Cave 8 of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang. The results showed that the fibers tempered in the coarse plaster layer and fine plaster layer were different： the coarse plaster layer was tempered with wheat straw and the fine plaster layer was tempered with jute, the fiber content of both of which was between 2% and 4%. The base plaster layer comprised mainly clay （particles 〈 5 gin）, and no sand was found; the particle sizes of the coarse and fine plaster layers were around 2-3 μm. The main inorganic component of the base plaster layers was roughly the same as Dengban soil （a kind of sedimentary clay fetched locally） and that of the white powder ground layer was talc. The testing results to the pigments showed that the red pigments are red ocher, cinnabar and red lead; the green pigment was Atacamite; the blue pigment was natural lapis lazuli; the yellow pigment was orpiment. These research results have important instructing functions to the later restoration and preservation of the murals of Cave 8.