陶渊明《形影神》的生命主题及其与诗学史的互释

The Reciprocal Interpretation of the Life Theme in Tao Yuanming's “Flesh,Shadow,Spirit” and the History of Poetics

《形影神》是陶渊明著名的组诗。其内涵不仅呈现于形、影、神所代表的人生观,还蕴含于三者所具有的情感类型以及它们相互间的价值关系。该组诗在中国哲学生命主题上的典型性和综合性,陶渊明及其诗歌在中国精神史上的深远影响,以及中国诗学以情志为本的传统,这三个方面决定《形影神》具有用以观照诗史和诗学的价值。它呼应着汉魏两晋诗史所呈现的不同生命主题,并有助于理解这些生命主题之间的结构性关系。它同时提示,在一般认为的"言志""缘情"两大情性类型之外,还存在一种不同倾向的情性类型,即庄玄影响下的适性情感。从唐宋诗人创作旨趣的选择中,也能看到《形影神》所蕴含之情感价值序列的影响。诗史与诗学反过来可以促进对《形影神》之丰富性的理解,并印证它所蕴含之生命主题及其价值区分的典型性。

The connotation of Tao Yuanming＇s poem ＂Flesh,Shadow,Spirit ＂ lies not only in the life outlook represented respectively by flesh,shadow and spirit,but in the emotion types this poem implies,among which a value sequence can also be found. The poem ＂Flesh,Shadow,Spirit＂is valuable for the reflection of the history of Chinese poetry and poetics,because of the poem＇s typicality and compatibility regarding the theme of life in Chinese philosophy,far-reaching impact of Tao Yuanming and his poetry in Chinese spiritual history,and the tradition of valorizing emotion in Chinese poetics. This poem echoes various themes related to life in the poetry of the Han and Wei dynasties and is helpful for readers to understand the structural relationship among these themes. It also suggests that,beyond the two well-known emotion types of ＂poetry expressing aspiration ＂ and＂poetry out of affection＂,another type of poetic emotion exists,that is,the emotion of natural happiness influenced by the philosophy of Zhuang Zhou. The poetic choices made by poets in the Tang and Song dynasties see the influence of the sequence of emotion values in ＂Flesh,Shadow,Spirit＂. History of Chinese poetry and poetics,in turn,enhances the understanding of the famous poem and reassures the life theme and value sequence that it implies.