丝绸之路与早期铜铁技术的交流

Silk Road and the Exchange of Early Bronze and Iron Techniques

本文根据中外考古学和金属史等领域近期的重要研究成果,围绕铜、铁两种金属的生产和使用,综述了不同历史时期沿史前丝绸之路金属技术的传播和交流。公元前2000年前后,欧亚草原地带的青铜文化对铜和青铜技术在中国西北地区的出现和早期发展有着重要影响。其后,中国西北和北方地区在中西互动的技术交流中持续发挥着桥梁作用,铜鍑和铜镜的向西传播与此有关,早期块炼铁技术在中国中原地区的出现也复如是。汉代张骞通西域,丝绸之路开辟,生铁原料和技术的西向传播,对中亚地区钢铁技术的发展产生了积极影响。早期铜、铁技术的传播与交流表明:文化与技术交流在不同的时期可能呈现完全不同的形式,经由不同的交通路线和中介人群,其影响所及的范围和深度也大为相异。中西互动源远流长,对东西文明的演进有着深远的影响和推动。

Based on the major research results in archaeology and metallurgy history and focusing on the production and usage of bronze and iron,this article provides an overview of the spread and exchange of metal technology along the prehistoric Silk Road in different phases.The bronze culture of the Eurasian Steppes had a major impact on the arise and early development of bronze and bronze technique in Northwest China around 2000BC.Then,the northwestern and northern regions of China continually played the role of a bridge in the technological exchange between China and the West.The westward spread of bronze Fu(cauldron)and mirror were related to this and so was the emergence of early technique of iron-making with lump ore in the Central Plains of China.Zhang Qian's diplomatic mission to the Western Regions,the opening up of the Silk Road and the westward spread of the raw material and technique of pig iron all exerted postive influences on the development of steel and iron technology in the Central Asia.The spread and exchange of early bronze and iron technology reveal that the cultural and technological exchanges in different time might appear in completely different forms,pass through different routes and be transferred by different peoples,and so were the scope and depth of its influence.With a long history,the interaction between China and the West has had a profound impact on the evolution of Eastern and Western civilizations.