中国人口较少民族儿童青少年校园暴力流行情况及危险因素分析

Prevalence and risk factors of campus violence among children and adolescents of minorities with less population in China

目的了解中国人口较少民族儿童青少年校园暴力发生现况和流行特征,探究其发生的影响因素,为制定人口较少民族校园暴力干预策略及国家制定相关卫生政策提供科学依据。方法于2016年采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取9~16岁人口较少民族中小学生作为调查对象,问卷调查人口较少民族儿童青少年自报校园暴力发生情况及其影响因素。结果 2016年中国人口较少民族儿童青少年自报过去30 d里有过校园暴力的发生率为73.19%,其中男生发生率为75.91%,女生为70.65%;9~12岁为72.47%,13~16岁为73.98%;独龙族为81.65%,德昂族为71.70%,布朗族为79.06%,阿昌族为67.16%,普米族为56.93%,怒族为92.24%,基诺族为59.59%。非留守儿童(OR=1.24,95%CI=1.00~1.54)及非住宿生(OR=1.33,95%CI=1.02~1.73)是人口较少民族儿童青少年发生校园暴力的独立保护因素(P<0.01);民族是发生校园暴力的独立危险因素(P<0.001)。此外,过去12个月里有过自伤事件(OR=1.96,95%CI=1.45~2.64)、男性(OR=1.21,95%CI=1.00~1.48)、母亲从事非农业工作(OR=1.84,95%CI=1.38~2.45)、母亲文化程度低(初中OR=0.62,95%CI=0.41~0.94;小学OR=0.92,95%CI=0.59~1.44)、自觉有孤独感(偶尔OR=1.27,95%CI=0.82~1.95;经常OR=1.98,95%CI=1.26~3.11)、自觉学习压力大或成绩问题经常感到心情不愉快(偶尔OR=1.27,95%CI=0.90~1.80;经常OR=2.23,95%CI=1.51~3.27)、以及过去12个月里发生打架多次均是人口较少民族儿童青少年发生校园暴力的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。因担心某事而经常失眠是发生校园暴力的可能危险因素(0.05<P<0.10)。校园暴力居前3位的类型依次为被恶意取笑(55.79%),被威胁、恐吓(32.75%)和有人对我开色情玩笑或做色情动作(30.62%)。结论中国人口较少民族儿童青少年的校园暴力发生率较高,今后各级政府、各部门应加强合作,开展对少数民族儿童校园暴力的预防与综合干预,创造安全、健康校园。

Objective To explore the occurrence and risk factors of campus violence among children and adolescents of Chinese minorities with less population and to provide evidences for formulating strategies of intervention and relevant health policies on campus violence among the children and adolescents.Methods Using random cluster sampling, we selected 2 626 primary and high school students of 7 minorities with a total population size of less than 0.12 million in 3 minority autonomous prefectures of Yunnan province; then we conducted a survey on the prevalence and influencing factors of campus violence among the students with a self-designed questionnaire in 2016.Results The age of the surveyed students ranged 9-16 years, with a mean age of 12.35±1.79 years. The self-reported rate of campus violence victimization during previous 30 days was 73.19% among all the students; the rate was 75.91% and 70.65% among the male and female students and the rate was 72.47% and 73.98% among the students aged 9-12 and 13-16 years. The rates of campus violence victimization during previous 30 days reported by students of different minorities were as following：81.65% for Dulong, 71.70% for De＇ang, 79.06% for Bulang, 67.16% for Achang, 56.93% for Pumi, 92.24% for Nu, and 59.59% for Jinuo students, respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that significant independent protective factors of campus violence victimization included being non-left behind children （odds ratio[OR]=1.24, 95% confidence interval[95% CI]：1.00-1.54） and being non-resident student （OR=1.33, 95% CI：1.02-1.73） （both P 〈0.01）; the significant independent influencing factors included nationality （P 〈0.001）, having the history of self-injury during past 12 months （OR=1.96, 95% CI：1.45-2.64）, male gender （OR=1.21, 95% CI：1.00-1.48）, with a mother engaged in a non-agricultural work （OR=1.84, 95% CI：1.38-2.45）, with low maternal of education （OR=0.62, 95% CI：0.41-0.94 for junior high school and OR=0.92, 95% CI：0.59-1.44 for primary school）, with self-perceived loneliness （OR=1.27, 95% CI：0.82-1.95 for occasionally and OR=1.98, 95% CI：1.26-3.11 for frequently）, with self-perceived unhappiness due to study stress or academy achievement （OR=1.27, 95% CI：0.90-1.80 for occasionally and OR=2.23, 95% CI：1.51-3.27 for frequently）, having a fight with others several times during pervious 12 months （P〈0.05）, and with frequent insomnia due to anxiety （P〈0.10）. The top three kinds of campus violence victimization reported by the students were being teased maliciously （55.79%）, being threatened （32.75%）, being assaulted erotically （30.62%）.Conclusion The occurrence rate of campus violence victimization is relatively high among children and adolescents of minorities with less population in Yunnan province of China and the situation needs to be intervened comprehensively by government agencies and relevant organizations.