牛粪生物质资源综合利用研究进展

Research progress of the comprehensive utilization of cow dung biomass resources

畜禽粪便是一种重要的廉价生物质资源，含有丰富的木质纤维素和矿质营养，但随意堆弃必然会对环境形成污染，同时造成资源浪费. 为促进实现畜禽粪便的循环再生利用，从牛粪肥料化利用、能源化利用和化学品生产原料3个方面综述牛粪生物质资源的研究进展，分析不同处理方式对牛粪利用效率的影响. 肥料化利用在一定程度上能消解环境中的牛粪，但因生产成本高、资源利用率低等问题限制了其大规模推广. 而牛粪厌氧发酵能产生清洁能源沼气，结合厌氧共发酵方式可以提高甲烷产率，并且发酵后的沼液可用于浸种和生物农药利用；同时牛粪可以作为制取乙醇的新型原料，通过分子生物学手段构建重组运动发酵单胞菌，扩大菌株的底物利用范围. 此外，牛粪作为乳酸、富马酸、纤维素等生物基产品的生产原料，丰富了牛粪利用方式. 最后提出在牛粪利用过程中加强对重金属和抗生素的脱除，着力研究沼气工程建设技术，稳定发酵温度，提高产率，同时构建糖利用范围广、乙醇得率高的菌株，发展多重牛粪利用方式，以实现牛粪生物质资源的高值高效利用. （图1 表1 参74）

Cow dung is a relatively cheap biomass resource that includes lignocellulose and mineral nutrients. However, random stack damages the environment, and wastes natural resources. To effectively utilize and recycle livestock manure, we reviewed the latest research of the comprehensive utilization of cow dung biomass resources regarding fertilizer utilization, energy utilization, and chemical production. Traditional fertilizer utilization could reduce environmental pollution in a certain extent, but high production cost and low resource utilization rates limited its large-scale promotion. However, biogas could be produced from cow dung through anaerobic fermentation; its slurry could also be used for seed soaking and biological pesticides after anaerobic fermentation. Meanwhile, cow dung could be used as a potential raw material for bio-ethanol production using Zymomonas mobilis to enhance the substrate utilization using a molecular biology method. In addition, cow dung could be used as a raw material for lactic acid, fumaric acid, and cellulose bio-based chemical production, which could enhance its utilization. Finally, we proposed that the removal of heavy metals and antibiotics should be enhanced and focus placed on biogas development technology to stabilize the fermentation temperature and improve the production rate. Simultaneously, this study suggested developing extensive sugar utilization and high ethanol yield to realize the high value and efficient utilization of cow dung biomass resources.