广西合浦汉墓主人族属及域外文化因素探讨

Archaeological Discussion on the Ethnicity and Foreign Cultural Factors of the Han Tombs in Hepu, Guangxi

合浦汉墓群是全国重点文物保护单位,也是目前国内保存较好的大型墓葬群之一。自上世纪50年代以来,发掘墓葬已达1200余座,丰富多样的墓葬形制和各类随葬器物为研究墓主族属提供了可靠的实物资料。本文运用考古学文化因素分析法,结合相关历史文献,剖析墓葬所体现的多元文化因素。研究认为,合浦汉墓的墓主人除越人、汉人和楚人外,还可能有域外人种。越人以土著越族为主,在早期发展中南越和吴越等一些外来越族不断迁入;汉人主要为戍卒、无夫家女、因罪发配的官员及其家人、避难人员以及中原派遣的官吏等;楚地与岭南交流频繁,墓主也应有楚人后裔;所体现的域外文化因素,当与汉代海上丝绸之路密不可分,诸如出土波斯陶壶等舶来品的寮尾M13b,其墓主可能为客死合浦、无法归葬的域外商人。

The Han tombs in Hepu are a major national historical and cultural site with good preservation condition. More than 1200 tombs have been excavated since the 1950s, from which a rich variety of tomb layout and burial objects provided reliable materials for the study of the tomb occupants＇ ethnicity. With analytical method of archaeological culture and related historical literature, this article studies the diversified cultural factors reflected in those tombs. The author points out that the tomb occupants should include Yue people, Han people and Chu people as well as some foreigners. Most of the Yue tomb occupants were native Yue, while a few were immigrant Yue. Han tomb occupants consisted of garrison soldiers, husbandless women, exiled officials with their family, refugees and officials dispatched from the Central Plains. As there was frequent communication between Chu and the region in the south of the Five Ridges, it is reasonable that there were Chu descendants among the tomb occupants. The foreign cultural factors should be closely related with the Maritime Silk Road. Tomb M13B from which imported goods such as a Persian pot were excavated was a good example; its occupant was supposed to be a foreign merchant who had unfortunately died in Hepu.