汉代的方术与表演伎艺的生成

Generation of Astrology and Performing in Han Dynasty

随着社会的发展和人们认知水平的提高,早期人类对自然灾害的规避逐渐积累了一些经验,但对生与死的未知仍充满恐惧和假想。方士的出现,就顺应了这一思维。而他们求仙问道的社会活动,启迪着艺人努力拓宽伎艺发展的思维空间。他们为达到某种目的所采取的种种技巧,对艺术创造心理也产生积极的影响,在某些层面上助推了表演伎艺的生成与发展。汉武帝之时方士频出,其智术也得到全面提升,善于聚零为整,且更加注重个人包装和表演技术的含量,进而带给人们见多识广、无所不能的假象,诱使世人崇拜,以致转为模仿其行为。方士带有神秘色彩的伎艺表演,极具艺术真实性和现实欺骗性,本身就有较强的戏剧属性。由方术逐渐演化为伎艺表演,是自然而然之事。至东海黄公故事,既有了时间长度,又具备了空间维度,已大致具备了戏剧的雏形。而"拨头",结合文献资料和出土文物来考察,无疑乃是由"东海黄公"演化而来。

In the period of Emperor Wu in Han dynasty, necromancer frequently appeared, and their intelligence and trickery promoted comprehensively, which exerted a positive impact upon the creative psychology in arts, and promo- ted the generation and development of performance skills to some extent. The mysterious performance has a very strong sense of theatre. Therefore, it is a natural thing to transform astrology to performance.