19世纪初对美国扩张的抵制与特库姆塞联盟的形成

A Boycott of American Expansion in the Early 19^(th) Century and the Formation of the Tecumseh's Federation

美国建国初期,对西部印第安人部落实行的扩张主义政策,给印第安人带来了严重的生存危机、社会危机与精神文化危机。因此,敌视与抵制逐渐成为大部分印第安人部落对待美国扩张的主流态度。他们抵制美国扩张的方式主要体现在两个方面:一是精神文化方面,试图通过回归印第安人原有的宗教信仰与生活方式来摆脱对美国白人文明的依赖;一是政治军事方面,试图团结所有印第安人部落,构建政治军事联盟来抵制美国扩张。此外,这一时期英国对印第安人抵制美国扩张的支持也起到比较重要的作用。这些因素最终促成特库姆塞联盟的形成。印第安人抵制美国扩张是特库姆塞联盟形成的社会基础,而特库姆塞联盟的形成则是印第安人抵制美国扩张的结果。该联盟的形成过程,反映了美国建国初期白人与印第安人持续冲突的内在逻辑,以及印第安人适应社会环境变化的主动性。

Since the independence of the United States,there has been an expansionism policy toward the western Indian tribes.It brings serious survival crisis,social crisis and spiritual culture crisis to the Indians,so hostility and resistance gradually became the mainstream attitude of Indians＇ towards white expansion.The way they resisted the expansion is mainly manifested in two aspects,one is the spiritual and cultural aspects,trying to return to Indians＇ original religious beliefs and lifestyle to get rid of the dependence on white American civilization;the other one is the political and military aspects,trying to unify all the Indian tribes and build a political military alliance against the expansion of the United States.In addition,as the relationship between the United States and Britain deteriorated in this period,the United Kingdom began to support the Indian tribes against the expansion of the United States,and objectively provided a favorable external environment for the formation of the Tecumseh＇s federation.To sum up,the Indians＇ resistance to American expansion was the social basis of the Tecumseh＇s federation,and the formation of the Tecumseh＇s federation was the result of the Indians＇ resistance to the expansion of the United States.The formation of the federation actually reflects the inherent logic of the continuous conflicts between whites and Indians in the early independence of the United State and the initiatives of Indians in adapting themselves to the changing social environment.