杜甫的政治悲剧及其文化史意义

DU Fu's Political Tragedy and Its Importance for the History of Culture

杜甫为求仕所做准备甚为充分,也合乎盛唐科举要求,其"致君尧舜"的政治理想更符合儒家之道,最终却以失败而告终。杜甫这一人生悲剧,不只是科举制度的流弊所致,也不仅是个别昏君、权奸失政的结果,更是整个封建专制政治体制"假仁借义"、不重"儒术""道术"、强压才士的内在本质与杜甫天真、善良、美好的理想之间剧烈冲突的结果。杜甫后来在对其政治悲剧反思时,没有停留在个人命运的悲叹中,而是推己及人,更深刻地感受民生疾苦,与人民休戚与共。与其他遭到君王贬斥的封建士子(如张九龄、李白、贾至、严武等)相比,杜甫的政治眼光显然更敏锐,对社会的反思更深刻。他接触到了封建社会的根本矛盾,也就具有了更伟大的人格。因此,其政治悲剧不仅是一种命途多舛的人生悲剧,更不只是上层政治势力互相排挤导致的政治悲剧,它还是封建专制社会中"君"不从"道"而"道"于时无补的文化悲剧。杜甫的人生追求和政治反思具有更大的文化思想史意义。

DU Fu prepared himself well for entering officialdom,and he met the requirements of China's imperial exam system.In addition,his political ideal to assist emperors as wise as Yao and Shun was in line with Confucianism.However,his political life ended up in failure.DU Fu's tragedy is not only caused by China's defective imperial exam system,the fatuous emperor and the treacherous officials in power;moreover,it reveals the nature of China's feudal autocratic system:disguise of benevolence and righteousness,disregard of Confucianism and Daoism,and suppression of talents.Such a system has zero tolerance to the naive,virtuous and bright dreams of DU Fu.When he later reflected on his political tragedy,DU Fu was not overwhelmed by self-pity.Instead,he thought of the public who shared the same weal and woe with him,thus showing more sympathy for them.Different from other demoted feudal intellectuals such as ZHANG Jiu-ling,LI Bai,JIA Zhi and YAN Wu,Du Fu adopted a sharper political view.He examined the society more deeply and touched upon the fundamental conflict of China's feudal society,which gives him a loftier personality.Therefore,DU Fu's tragedy is more than a life tragedy of trails and tribulations or a political tragedy of power balance.It is indeed a cultural tragedy that the emperor failed to follow the Dao or the way of the world and the Dao made no difference to the times.Thus,DU Fu's life pursuit and political reflection is of greater importance for the history of cultural ideology.