共享投入关联视角下中国区域工业企业绿色创新效率差异研究

Research on the regional disparities of China's industrial enterprises green innovation efficiency from the perspective of shared inputs

绿色创新是突破当前资源环境约束,推动中国经济高质量增长的重要手段之一。为了实现中国企业绿色创新能力的整体提升,有必要分析中国企业绿色创新效率的区域差异,确定差异形成的具体环节及制约因素。本文考虑创新资源在两阶段的共享关联性,并将单位GDP的工业碳排放量和"三废"污染物纳入两阶段绿色创新效率研究框架,利用共享投入关联两阶段DEA模型测度2008—2015年中国工业企业绿色研发和成果转化效率;根据企业绿色科技研发与成果转化之间的关系,将各省份企业绿色创新资源利用模式分为4种类型;最后,从企业特征和区域环境等方面,利用动态面板GMM模型实证分析和检验两阶段效率的影响因素。结果表明:(1)考察期内中国企业绿色创新两阶段效率均值分别为0.794和0.904,绿色研发效率明显偏低;东部和西部企业绿色研发效率均值相对较高,而中部地区效率损失缺口高达30.6%;绿色成果转化阶段,东部地区接近于最优水平,中西部地区还有较大提升空间。(2)各省份绿色创新资源利用模式分类发现,低绿色研发低成果转化型企业占20%,主要来自中西部地区,还有46.7%的企业在绿色研发(或成果转化)阶段效率损失较大。(3)创新氛围、产学研合作、环保投入强度、外商投资有利于企业绿色研发效率的提升,绿色研发效率与知识产权保护(IPP)呈U型关系;成果转化效率与企业规模、政府支持、环保投入强度均负相关,而与IPP呈倒U型关系,当前IPP的加强有利于成果转化效率的提升。最后提出营造公平的创新环境、加强知识产权保护、严格执行污染排放限制标准等建议。

Green innovation is one of the important means to break through the current constraints of resources and environment, thus promoting the high-quality growth of China economy. In order to achieve the overall improvenlent of Chinese enterprises＇ green innovation capability, it is necessary to analyze the regional differences in the green innovation efficiency of Chinese enterprises, and to identify the reasons and constraints. Based on the relation of innovation resources in two phases, this paper includes the industrial carbon enfissions per unit of GDP and ＇ three wastes＇ pollutants in the research framework of two-stage green innovation efficiency, and applies the two stages relational DEA model with shared inputs to the measurenlent of China＇s industrial enterprises＇ green R＆D and achievements conversion efficiency during the years from 2008 to 2015. According to the relationship between green R＆D and achievement conversion of industrial enterprises, the green resource utilization modes of enterprises in each province are divided into four types. Finally, from the aspects of enterprise characteristics and regional environment, this paper uses the dynanfic panel GMM model to analyze and test ilffluencing factors of two-stage efficiency empirically. The results show that ： ①the average efficiency of green innovation in China＇ enterprises are 0.794 and 0.904 in two respective stages, and the green R＆D efficiency is significantly low. The average R＆D efficiency of the eastern and western enterprises is higher relatively, while the gap of efficiency loss in the central region is as high as 30.6%. In the stage of achievement conversion, the eastern region is close to the optimal level, and the efficiency should be improved in the central and western regions. ②According to the classification of green innovation resource utilization pattern of industrial enterprises in all provinces, the type of enterprises with low green R＆D and low achievement conversion accounted for 20% , mainly from the central and western regions, and 46.7% of enterprises have a greater loss of efficiency in R＆D （or achievements conversion）. ③Innovation atmosphere, universityindustry collaboration, environmental protection input, and foreign investment are helpful to promoting the efficiency of green R＆D. Green R＆D efficiency is in a U-shaped relationship with intellectual property protection （IPP） ; the achievements conversion efficiency is negatively correlated with the enterprise scale, government support and environmental protection input, but in a reversed u-type relationship with IPP. The enhancement of the current IPP is conducive to the improvement of the achievements conversion efficiency. Finally, some suggestions are put forward, such as creating a fair and innovative environment, strengthening intellectual property protection, and strictly implementing the standards of pollution discharge.