农村土地流转的收入分配效应

Research on income distributive effects of farmland circulation

基于我国东中部6省1 604户农户的调研数据,本文采用分位数回归模型,从转入与转出视角实证分析、比较了农地流转的收入效应和收入分配效应。估计结果显示:总体上,农地转入的增收效应显著,但农地转出无此效应。分区域考察,农地流转拉大了东部与中部地区农户间的收入差距。其中,东部地区农地转入和转出均有显著增收效应,且后者远大于前者;中部地区农地转入的增收效应明显,但农地转出却有显著的"减收"效应。从不同收入阶层来看,农地转入促进了贫困户及低收入户至部分高收入户增收,其中收入水平越高的农户获益愈大;相较之下,农地转出仅使部分低收入户增收,有一定缩小收入差距功能。更进一步,东部地区农地转入可使除中高收入组农户以外的其他农户增收,农地转出则可使除贫困户和部分低收入组农户以外的其他农户增收,此两种流转类型均会扩大农户收入差距。中部地区农地转入可使所有农户增收,但同时加剧了收入不平等;与之不同,农地转出能使低收入组农户增收,也可使部分高收入组农户"减收",因而比较利于减少贫富差距。据此,决策当局应当着力消除各种非市场因素限制,构建功能良好的土地租赁市场,发挥价格机制、竞争机制、供求机制以及法律保障机制在农地配置中的主导作用,推动农地流转方式更加市场化、规范化;同时,完善土地流转中租金和期限的确定机制,减少交易成本,提高收入分配的均衡性,保护农户(尤其是贫困户)在农地流转中的短期和中长期利益;此外,多渠道扩大农民非农就业机会,并提高其非农就业能力。

Based on the survey data of 1 604 households from 6 provinces in the Eastern and Middle China, this paper uses a quantile regression model to empirically analyzes and compares the income effects and income distributive effects of farmland circulation from the perspective of both renting-in and renting-out farmland. The findings reveal that： ① Generally, renting-in farmland has a significant income growth effect, while renting-out farmland fails to improve income. ② Farmland circulation enlarges the income gaps among households in the eastern and nfiddle regions. To be specific, in the eastern region, both renting-in and renting-out farmland have obvious income growth effects, and the latter effect is bigger. As for the nfiddle region, renting-in farmland has a significant income growth effect, but renting-out farmland would dramatically decrease lessors＇ income. ③ From the view of different income levels, renting in farmland promotes the poor, the low-income and some high-income households to increase their income, and with higher income, its benefit gets larger. By comparison, renting-out farmland could only raise part of low-income households＇ revenue and narrow the income gap to some extent. ④Furthermore, renting-in farmland in eastern region could increase all the farmers＇ income except the high-income households, while renting-out farmland also raise farmers＇ income other than the poor and some low-income households, and both the two renting types could expand farmers＇ income gap. In the middle region, renting-in farmland would increase all farmers＇ income, but intensify income inequality. On the contrary, renting-in farmland could increase the low-income households＇ income, but reduce some high-income households＇ income, which would help to narrow the wealth gap. Therefore, there is the need for planning authorities to eliminate all the non-market constraints, build a well-functioning land circulation market, promote the price, competition, legal protection, supply and demand to play a leading role in rural land allocation, and motivate the circulation mode be more marketization and normalization. Meanwhile, improving the negotiation mechanism of rent and term in circulation, reducing circulation costs, enhancing income distribution equilibrium, protecting short-term and long-term benefits of farmers＇ , especially poor farmers, providing more off-farm job opportunities for farmers and improve their off-farm capacities also should be strengthened.