反医疗暴力立法的最优刑罚模型探讨

An optimal penalty model of anti-medical violence legislation

基于法经济学视角，区分医疗场所与普通工作场所在公共安全义务、风险可识别性和可防控性上的不同特征，探讨医疗暴力引致的包括受害人私人成本、公共安全成本、风险防御成本和服务供给成本等在内的犯罪成本结构。以无社会成本的暴力犯罪为基准，通过纳入医疗暴力的社会成本结构，建构一个最优刑罚强度模型，发现犯罪成本曲线向上偏转，使得不同暴力程度所对应的最优刑罚强度明显上升，入刑对应的最低暴力程度明显下降，以平衡医疗暴力带来的多种由公众承担的社会成本项。

From the perspective of law-and-economics, this paper analyzed the characteristics between medical workplace and other workplace in terms of public safety liability, risk identifiability and preventability. Then it went on to explore the costs structure incurred by medical violence, namely personal costs of victims, public safety cost, risk prevention cost and service supply cost. A law-and-economics optimal penalty model is then developed based on the benchmark of crime of violence free of social cost, and by incorporating the social cost of medical violence. And it is found that an upward deflection of the crime cost curve sharply drives up the optimal penalty corresponding to various levels of violence, and lowers the threshold violence constituting criminal offence, thus balancing the social costs borne by the public for medical violence.