合作:集体化时代乡村农业生产的运作机制——以山西长治张庄为考察中心

Cooperation: The Operation Mechanism of Rural Agricultural Production in the Collectivization Era:A Case Study of Zhangzhuang Village in Changzhi,Shanxi Province

在集体化时代,合作是党和国家实现社会主义道路的重要实践机制,亦是组织农民发展生产的重要运作机制,在农业集体经济体制中占据主导地位。党发动革命、改造乡村社会的逻辑起点是封建剥削理论,农民组织起来进行合作是消除剥削、实现社会主义宏图的逻辑延伸。这是合作机制的理论渊源,也是其实践和发展的外在力量。但相对而言,农民主体的内在力量对于合作机制的运作发挥着更为重要的作用,尤其是其动力不足、主体性无以发挥成为合作机制的重要羁绊。农民亚文化对于合作这一村庄公共管理的重要机制形成冲击,乡村邻里互帮互助的传统未能释放出其应有的促进合作机制发展的动力,合作机制陷入诸多困境中。

In the collectivization era,the cooperation was an important practical mechanism for the CPC and the state to realize the socialist road as well as organize the development of peasants. It was the most important mechanism in the agricultural collective economic system. The theory of feudal exploitation was a local starting point where the CPC developed the revolution and transformed the rural society. The organization and cooperation of peasants were the logical extension of the elimination of exploitation and the realization of the grand plan of socialism. This was the theoretical source of the cooperative mechanism as well as the external force of its practice and development. Comparatively speaking,the inherent strength of the peasants played a more important role in the operation of the cooperative mechanism. In particular,the lack of motivation and inability to play subjectivity was the fetter of the cooperative mechanism. The cooperation was as an important mechanism for public management in village and sub-culture of peasants had more impact on it. The tradition of mutual assistance between rural neighborhoods failed to release their motivation to promote the development of cooperation mechanism. Cooperation mechanism had been plunged into lots of difficulties.