国难与民变:抗战时期国民政府的治理困境——以鄂西神兵抗争为例

National Crisis and Popular Revolts: The Governance Predicament of the National Government in the Anti-Japanese War Period——Taking the Resistance of the Sacred Soldiers in Western Hubei as an Example

鄂西神兵源自地方教门组织文坛。民国初年,鄂西民众组织神兵对抗匪患,在反抗靖国军征粮时形成声势浩大的神兵运动。30年代初,国民党军队进入鄂西"剿共",其间遭遇神兵袭扰。抗战前夕,国民政府高层已关注到神兵问题,但视其为边缘地区的社会问题,多采取安抚手段处理。抗战初期,神兵抵制赋役征收,攻击基层行政组织。政府采取武力围剿受挫,转而寻求依靠地方士绅,和平解决冲突。湖北省府西迁后,神兵成为亟待解决的政治问题。政府不再承认神兵抗争的合理性,视神兵暴动为破坏抗战的反动行径,并以军事手段镇压神兵抗争。战时,国民政府积极推进鄂西军政建设的同时,形成了以强化控制与资源汲取为导向的治理惯习。战争式的治理思维渗透至其中,加速了国家政权的"内卷化"。

The Sacred Soldiers( 神兵) in western Hubei were derived from the local religion sect called Wentan. In the early Republic of China,the populace organized the Sacred soldiers against bandits,and formed massive movements to resist the grain requisition of the Jingguo Army. In the early 1930 s,the Kuomintang army entered western Hubei to suppress Communist Party,and frequently encountered with the Sacred soldiers' attack. At the Eve of Anti-Japanese War,the high-level of the national government thought the Sacred soldiers as social problem in the marginal area,and tried to appease them. After the War,the Sacred soldiers attacked the primary organization to resist taxes and military service,the national government planned to peacefully settle the conflict with the help of the local Gentry. After Hubei Provincial Government moved westward,the Sacred soldiers became a critical political issues needed to be solved. The government suppressed the Sacred soldiers with forces. When the national government actively promoted the military and political construction in Western Hubei,the institutional inertia of governance aiming atstrengthening social control and resource extraction was formed during wartime. As a result,the mentality of warlike governance accelerated "State involution".