复调叙事与史家曲笔——佛罗伦萨人文主义史学中的演说辞

Polyphony and Hidden Narration: Speeches in Florentine Humanist Historiography

演说辞是人文主义史学继承自古典史学的重要叙事体裁,然而在剥除相近的外在形式后,佛罗伦萨人文主义史学中的演说辞却频繁承载了古典史学中并不常见的复调叙事功能。如果说修昔底德的演说辞是叙事主线的一部分,其与正文的判断保持一致,同作者赋予人物的立场相互吻合,那么人文主义史家的演说辞则往往隐蔽地构成了独立于作品主要声部之外的其他声音,作者的隐含观点和多元立场遂借助他者之口得以表达。这种诉诸演说辞的曲笔是特定史学语境下的产物,是史家以曲中求直的方式反抗政治干预史学写作的巧妙之举。引入巴赫金的复调理论有助于拓展观察人文主义史学叙事策略的角度,发掘表层文本下的潜在话语体系,还有利于重新认识曲笔与真实性、文学性叙事与史学写作的辩证关系。

Speech was an crucial narrative technique that humanist historians inherited from classic historiography,with similar external forms,Florentine humanist historiography developed three kinds of unprecedented polyphonic narrative functions for its own sake. Speeches delivered by characters of the History of the Peloponnesian War always kept consistent with Thucydides' s subjective judgments narrated in third person view,while many speeches in Florentine humanist historiography deliberately served as parallel voices besides historians' ostensible statements. The phenomenon of multi-sounds may result from specific context of humanist historiography,since Florentine humanist historical works frequently submitted to political interference in surface,thus polyphonic writing as a measure of expediency for speaking truth underground should be definitely indispensable.