脱胶在植物油精炼中的研究进展

Research Progress of Degumming in Vegetable Oil Refining

随着植物油精炼行业的快速发展,脱胶已成为植物油精炼过程中一步重要的工序,脱胶效果的好坏直接影响到精炼植物油的品质。传统的脱胶方法主要有酸法脱胶和水化法脱胶,随着研究的不断深入,又开发出膜过滤脱胶、酶法脱胶、微生物脱胶、吸附脱胶、超临界CO2脱胶、超滤脱胶等多种脱胶技术,其中常用的是酸法脱胶、水化法脱胶、膜过滤法脱胶和酶法脱胶。酸法脱胶和水化法脱胶后的油品磷脂含量往往达不到物理精炼法的要求,但对工厂而言主要考虑成本问题,因而酸法脱胶仍是较佳的选择。膜过滤法相比传统脱胶法具有诸多优点,但膜材料的研究与开发成本较高,很难投入工业应用,如何降低膜材料的研究生产成本,是膜法能否实现产业化的关键。酶法脱胶是一种新型的脱胶工艺,因经济、低耗、环保而备受关注。但酶法脱胶需要的时间过长,导致处理时间长,增加了植物油脂精炼的成本,且酶需要在一定的温度、pH值条件下才能表现其活性,从而限制了酶的使用。需要加强对现有酶活性的研究,从自然界中探寻高活性的酶或者对酶分子进行分子技术改造,制备出更优质的植物油脱胶酶。

With the rapid development of vegetable oil refining industry,degumming has become an important step in the process of vegetable oil refining,and its effect directly affects the quality of the refined vegetable oil.Traditional degumming methods mainly include acid-assisted degumming and hydration degumming.With the deepening of research,many degumming methods have been developed including membrane filtration degum-ming,enzymatic degumming,microbial degumming,adsorption degumming,supercritical CO2 degumming and ultrafiltration degumming.Acid-assisted degumming,hydration degumming,membrane filtration degumming and enzymatic degumming are commonly used.After acid-assisted degumming and hydration degumming,the phospholipid content of oils cannot meet the requirements of physical refining method,but the main consideration of the plant is cost,so acid-assisted degumming is still a good choice.Membrane filtration degumming has many advantages over traditional degumming methods,but the research and development costs of membrane materials are relatively high,so it is difficult to put into industrial application.How to reduce the research and produc-tion costs of membrane materials is the key to the industrialization of membrane filtration degumming.Enzy-matic degumming is a new type of degumming process which has attracted much attention due to its good e-conomy,low consumption and environmental protection,but it takes too much time,resulting in long processing time and high vegetable oil refining cost,and the enzymes are active at certain temperatures and pH conditions,thus limiting the use of enzymes.It is necessary to strengthen the research on the activities of existing enzymes,seek for high-activity enzymes from the nature or carry out molecular modification of the enzyme molecules,so as to prepare better-quality enzymes for vegetable oil degumming.