举证责任倒置的观念变迁——以医疗纠纷为例

The Changes of the Concept on the Burden of Proof by Defendants——Taking the Disputes in Medical Tort as Examples

举证责任倒置是举证责任分配的重要组成部分,在民事证据规则中具有重要的地位。当今学界多认为证据法的目的在于真实发现与程序保障,而对证据法的行为激励功能认识不足,但这并没有妨碍"行为激励"观念对举证规则的制定及实务操作发生影响。从我国医疗纠纷案件中举证责任倒置的规则变迁及实务运作,可以发现存在着两种不同类型的倒置观念,即真实发现型观念和行为激励型观念。举证责任倒置观念正在从较为单一的事实发现型向事实发现与行为激励并重型转变,由此推进了对证据法目的认识的深化,也有利于合理配置司法资源。医疗纠纷案件在实行举证责任倒置规则的前提下,还有赖于适用有条件的倒置规则并赋予当事人合理的异议权。

The burden of proof by defendant is an important part of the burden of proof allocation,and it has an important position in the civil procedure rules. Today the academic circle thinks that the purpose of evidence law concentrates on the truth-finding and procedural safeguards,lacking enough understanding of the behavior stimulation function of the evidence law. But this did not hinder the concept of ＂ behavior stimulation＂ to have an effect on making rules of evidence and practical operation. From the changes of the concept on the burden of proof by defendant and practical operation of the medical dispute cases in our country,we can find two different types of inversion,i. e. the concept of truth-finding and the concept of behavior stimulation. The concept of the burden of proof by defendant is changing from a single type of truth-finding to paying equal attention to the truth-finding and behavior stimulation,thereby promoting the deepening of understanding of the purpose of evidence law,but also conducive to the rational allocation of judicial resources. The medical dispute cases should be applied to the principle of inversion of the burden of proof and depend on the application of conditional inversion rules and the right of dissent.