环境管理生命周期评价技术的基本范畴及其适用局限性浅析

Life cycle assessment and environmental management:Methodology, limitations, and technical progress

生命周期评价法（LCA）在国际上广泛应用于工业企业部门、政府管理部门和服务行业,但其最突出的贡献是在环境管理方面的应用。LCA的技术框架分为确定目的与范围、生命周期清单分析、生命周期影响评价（LCIA）和结果解释4个部分,其方法可归纳为中点法和终点法。LCA存在数据获取、清单分配、边界选择、评价模型、时空限制以及结果不确定性等方面的局限性。为适应环境管理和评价技术本生的要求,LCA评价技术朝系统化方向发展。从不同侧面拓展了LCA的应用领域和回避LCA评价的局限性,使得LCA逐渐成为环境管理不可或缺的工具。

Life cycle assessment（LCA）method has been widely used in many fields since its birth,but the most prominent contribution is its application to environmental management.The technical framework of LCA can be divided into four parts：target and scope,list analysis,impact assessment（LCIA）and result interpretation.The methods of LCIA can be summed up as midpoint method and end point method.LCA has limitations in such as data acquisition,inventory allocation,boundary selection,evaluation models,temporal and spatial constraints,and uncertainty of results.In order to adapt to the requirements of environmental management and evaluation technology,LCA evaluation technology is being developed towards a systematic direction.LCA has so far expanded its application field and avoided its limitation in evaluation,which makes it become an indispensable tool for environmental management.