19世纪初俄国对新疆和中亚汗国的探索及其影响

A Study of the Russian Missions to Xinjiang and Central Asian Khanates between 1810 and 1820

19世纪初,欧洲东方学的亚洲内陆研究正处于学术转型时期。为了搜集中国新疆伊犁、塔尔巴哈台和中亚汗国的自然、人文信息并促进通商,俄国政府于1811、1813、1819和1820年分别向中国新疆伊塔地区、浩罕汗国、土库曼部落、希瓦汗国和布哈拉汗国派遣了间谍、特使或使团。他们的考察报告为俄国的中亚扩张奠定知识基础,并使欧洲学界认识到:中亚和新疆贸易路线的开辟和发展可促使下诺夫哥罗德和阿斯特拉罕成为亚欧大陆桥的贸易枢纽,以联通里海、黑海和波罗的海贸易网,加强欧亚与黎凡特地区的商品流通。俄国报告亦引起英法东方学界的关注,不仅激发了英俄的中亚竞争,更推动了欧洲东方学界"中央亚细亚"概念的确立及其知识体系建构。

The Russian central government and her governor-generals in Semipalatinsk,Orenburg and Astrakhan dispatched spies,special envoys and diplomatic corps to Ili,Tarbaghatay,Kokand Khanate,Turkoman tribes,Khiva Khanate and Bokhara Khanate in 1811,1813,1819 and 1820,in order to collect intelligence of the regions,to promote the trade and commerce in Central Asia,and to establish diplomatic relations with the targeted khanates.The paper argues that the investigation records and reports of the missions not only did the basic knowledge preparation for Russian＇s future conquest of Central Asia,but also expanded European knowledge about the inland Asia,and encouraged the methodological change of the European Oriental Studies.From the reports,Russian,French and British specialists saw the prospects of Nizhny Novgorod and Astrakhan as the Eurasian commercial pivots through which Russia could significantly extend her trade network surrounding Caspian Sea,Black Sea and Baltic Sea to China,India and the Middle East.This would make Russia a great competitor to the British maritime trade system between Asia and Europe.Furthermore,the terminology＂Central Asia＂^first used in the reports unveiled the epistemological and theoretical progress of European Orientology which facilitated the expansion of colonialism into Inner Asia in the 19 th Century.