中国近代企业的组织形态初探——以包工制为中心

A Probe into Enterprise Organization Forms in Modern China——Centering on a Contract System

中国传统的手工业为何未能发展出现代工厂,是经济史学家们长期关注的一个问题。近年来,一些新的研究对包工制、工头制等传统企业组织形态的历史作用和地位提出了新的看法;传统企业组织形态直到今天依然广泛存在,这一事实也让我们有必要对包工制、工头制及其与工厂制的关系重新进行研究。在历史文献和前人的相关研究中,包工制概念的使用较为混乱和随意。这已经成为相关研究深入的障碍之一。本文在前人研究的基础上,区分了劳动雇佣管理制度与承包契约制度,厘清了包工制的内涵,并从劳动管理、中间产品的提供两个层面对中国近代企业组织形态进行了分类。在劳动管理中,主要聚焦于工头制,在中间产品的提供中,聚焦于包工制。对于每种相关制度的性质和存在原因,本文也做出了简单评析。

Why China’s traditional handicraft industry failed to develop modern factories has been a matter of long-term concern to economic historians.In recent years,some new researches have put forward a new view on the historical role and status of traditional enterprise organization forms,such as contract system and contractor system;traditional enterprise organization forms have still been widespread in China today.This fact makes it necessary for us to restudy contract system and contractor system and their relationship with factory system.In the historical literature and previous studies,the use of the concept of contractor system seems to be more chaotic and fragmented,which has become one of the barriers for further researches.Based on the previous studies,this article distinguishes the difference between labor employment management system and contract system,clarifies the connotation of contractor system and classifies enterprise organization forms in modern China from two aspects of labor management and supply of intermediate products.In labor management,the main focus is on contractor system while in supply of intermediate products it is on contract system.In addition,the article also makes a brief analysis on the nature of different systems and reasons of their existence.