揭帖:明代舆论的政治互通与官民互动

Posters: The Political Communication of Public Opinions and the Interaction between Government and Public in Ming Dynasty

明代揭帖形式多样,因时而变,既有公文揭帖,也有私人揭帖,其内容不仅有朝政要事,也有民间琐事。明代初始只有阁臣可密揭言事,后大臣乃至官员之间也常用揭帖互通信息。至明后期,揭帖既在朝廷传播,也在民间流布。期间,明廷虽屡加禁止,但揭帖仍广为流传,不仅成为官方政治宣示、舆情传布的重要载体,具有参谋、劝谏、资政、表意、教化等独特功能,而且成为民间获取舆论信息的重要来源,一定程度上实现了官民舆情的多元互动,引发了社会舆论的集体意识,具有独特的政治意涵和文化意蕴。

There are various forms of poster in Ming Dynasty including both official posters and private post- ers, which changed over time. The contents of these posters not only involved important political affairs but also the non - governmental trifle. In early Ming Dynasty, only the cabinet ministers could submit the posters to the emperor, but later on, the officials also used the posters frequently to share information. In late Ming Dynasty, posters spread both at the court and among ordinary people. Although the royal government had forbade it repeatedly, the poster spread widely as usual, and became an important carrier of official political propaganda and public opinion dissemination. Poster has some special functions such as giving advice, ad- monishing, helping to administer the state affairs, expressing feelings and educating. Poster is also the im- portant source of acquiring public opinion for the common people, which realized the multiple interactions between the government and the citizens to some extent, and inspired the collective consciousness of social o- pinion. Therefore, poster has special political and cultural implication.