明清时期的族会与宗族凝聚

The Clan Gathering and Clan Cohesion in Ming and Qing Dynasties

族会系指宗族内部举行的祭扫、会食、团拜等礼仪性聚会与联谊活动。明清士庶在宗族发展情况下,倡导族会,其类型可分为祭扫之会、饮食之会、团拜会与宗族会讲。每种可单独举行,也常见与其他族会重叠、依次举行。举办族会主要根据宗族的族情,采用按丁醵金、亲房轮值与集股立会等不同方式。各地宗族对族会的经营、维护乃是实践"亲亲"之道,旨在通过沟通宗族情感、强化宗族认同,从文化心理上改善宗族关系,以期淡薄、疏离的宗亲关系变得浓烈、温情,从而实现宗族凝聚。

The clan gathering refers to the meeting of certain clansmen to do activities of tomb - sweeping, eating food, and mass greetings, etc. With the development of patriarchal clan in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the gentry and the civilian initiated clan gathering which can be divided into several types, such as sacrifi- cing and renovating the tomb, dining together, mass greetings and preach of imperial decree, family instruc- tion and regulation of the clan. Each can be held separately, or be held in turn. As far as the fund is con- cerued, there are different ways including capitation payment by male, taking turns by different branches of the family, and raising fund to establish some kind of society. The aim to manage and maintain the clan gathering is to communicate emotion, intensify clan identity among the same clan people, so as to improve the agnation and to realize the clan cohesion.