近代上海与朝鲜的海上贸易(1883-1904)

The Maritime Trade between Shanghai and Korea from 1883 to 1904

中朝商民水陆贸易章程》的缔结不仅为中国商人进入朝鲜提供了政治保障,而且标志着两国关系开始从传统的"宗藩朝贡体制"向"近代条约体制"过渡。受中日甲午战争等国际局势影响,上海的对朝鲜贸易虽然有所波动,但整体上呈快速增长态势,这主要得益于双边贸易具备了货源、市场、航运和商人网络等方面的条件。上海对朝鲜贸易的两大特点是上海腹地资源的出口和洋货的转口。大量物资从上海流向朝鲜,使上海的贸易顺差一直处于高位,朝鲜金银的大量流入则在很大程度上弥补了朝鲜的贸易赤字,不受海关监管的中朝陆路贸易和红参的走私也起到了一定的弥补作用。在近代转换期,上海与朝鲜的海上贸易使相对封闭的朝鲜对接了中国的贸易网络,从而间接地融入世界贸易体系;上海则获得了朝鲜的金银,也使中国商人具备了在朝鲜市场上与日本商人竞争的能力,上海与朝鲜贸易的兴衰也折射出转换期中朝关系的变化。

＂Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade between China and Korea＂ not only provides a po- litical assurance for Chinese merchants to enter Korea, but marks the change of relations between the two countries from ＂the tributary system＂ to ＂the modern treaty system＂. Sino -Korean trade grows rapidly on the whole though it is sometimes suffered by international events such as Sino -Japanese War, which mainly owes to bilateral advantages of goods supply, market, shipping and merchant groups. In this trade, Shanghai has two significant features. One is the exportation of interior resources ; the other is the re - export of foreign products. A large number of goods exporting from Shanghai to Korea makes Shanghai always take up the po- sition of trade surplus. Meanwhile, large amounts of gold and silver flowing into Shanghai also relieves Kore- a＇ s trade deficit. Additionally, unsupervised Sino - Korean trade by roadway and smuggling of red ginseng also have impacts on relieving Korea＇s trade deficit. In the transition period of modern times, the maritime trade makes Korea successfully connect to China and indirectly pushes Korea into the world trade system. This trade not only brings gold and silver for Shanghai but also makes Chinese merchants have the ability to compete with Japanese merchants for Korea＇ s market. The rise and fall of Sino - Korean trade also reflects the change of relations between the two countries.