甘肃玉门火烧沟四坝文化铜器的科学分析及相关问题

The Scientific Analyses of the Copper and Bronze Artifacts of the Siba Culture Unearthed at Huoshaogou, Gansu

本文对甘肃玉门火烧沟遗址出土的67件铜器进行了科学分析,结果显示:其材质以红铜和锡青铜为主,有少量砷青铜、铅青铜、铅锡青铜等;成型工艺有铸造和锻造两种,前者略多;耳环多为锡青铜,热锻成型;而铜锥、铜斧等工具则多为红铜,制作以铸造为主。现有研究成果显示,河西走廊地区四坝文化铜器技术的发展早期阶段以红铜和青铜为主,砷铜或含砷青铜占有一定比例,晚期阶段以锡青铜为主。依据新的考古发现和年代框架,河西走廊地区早期冶金技术的出现和早期发展,显示了来自欧亚草原地区的影响,但不同时期文化交流路线以及影响的广度和深度并不相同。

Sixty-seven metal objects excavated from the Huoshaogou site have been studied by using SEM-EDS and metallographic analysis. The results show that copper and tin bronze are dominant among metals used at Huoshaogou, while other materials, such as Cu-As, Cu-Pb, Cu-Sn-Pb, Cu-Sn-As and Cu-Pb-As, were also in use. The research has also revealed that both casting and hot-forging technologies were extensively used in making these metal objects. Most earrings were shaped with hot-forging technique, while the majority of implements were manufactured by casting. This research adds significant new data to explore the technological features of the Siba bronze technology, and also discusses challenging issues. All in all, in the early stage of the Siba culture, copper, tin bronze and arsenical copper were the majority, while, in the late stage, tin bronze became the dominant metal. The authors argue that the Hexi Corridor played a crucial role in the cultural interactions between the Gansu-Qinghai region and the Eurasian steppe in the early bronze age.