年龄、步速和下肢形态对4～6岁幼儿步态的影响

The Effect of Age,Walking Speed and the Morphological Growth of Lower Limbs on 4～6-year-old Children's Gait

目的:探讨年龄、步速和下肢形态对4~6岁幼儿步态的影响,为幼儿步态的评估以及助行机器人的设计提供理论参考。方法:选取4岁、5岁以及6岁幼儿,共157名受试者。采用三维拍摄技术采集幼儿的步态参数,同时测量幼儿的形态指标(包括下肢长A、小腿长、大腿围、骨盆宽、转子间宽、足长、足围及足宽)。采用方差分析比较不同年龄与性别幼儿之间的步态差异,采用回归分析研究步速与其他步态参数之间的关系,采用典型相关分析研究幼儿步态发展与形态发育之间的关系。结果:(1)6岁幼儿的步态周期、步长以及步速显著高于4岁与5岁幼儿(P<0.05),6岁幼儿的摆动相百分比显著高于4岁幼儿(P<0.05),而6岁幼儿的支撑相百分比与步频显著低于4岁幼儿(P<0.05)。(2)随着步速的增加,幼儿的步长、步频以及摆动相百分比呈线性增大,步态周期、双支撑相百分比以及支撑相百分比均呈线性减小。(3)4~6岁幼儿的下肢长A、小腿长及转子间宽与步长之间存在显著相关。结论:对于4~6岁幼儿,随年龄增长其步态不断发展,表现为步长、步速、步态周期以及摆动相百分比不断增大,步频与支撑相百分比减小;步速与步长、步频以及步态周期等步态参数之间存在显著相关;下肢长、小腿长和转子间宽度是影响步长的主要因素。

Objective To explore the effect of age,walking speed and the morphological growth oflower limbs on 4~6 years old children＇s gait,so as to provide theoretical references for children＇s gaitassessment and the design of a walker robot. Methods Totally one hundred and fifty-seven childrenranging in age from 4 to 6 were selected as subjects in this research. Gait parameters were acquiredby the 3 D shooting technique,while the morphological indexes of the lower extremity,including thelength A of the lower extremity,calf length,thigh circumference,pelvic width,width between two greatertrochanters,foot length,foot girth and foot width,were measured. The differences of gait parametersamong children of different ages and sexes were compared using the variance analysis. The step regres-sion analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the walking speed and other gait param-eters. The relationship between children＇s gait and morphology was analyzed using the canonical corre-lation analysis. Results The six-year-old children＇s gait cycle,step length and walking speed were sig-nificantly higher than those of four-and five-year-old children（P〈0.05）. The swing phase percentage of six-year-old children was significantly higher than that of four-year-old ones（P〈0.05）. The supportpercentage of six-year-old children was significantly lower than that of the four-year-old（P〈0.05）. Withthe increase of the walking speed,young children＇s step length,cadence and percentage of the swingphase increased linearly. And the gait cycle,percentage of double support phase and percentage of thesupport phase decreased linearly with the increase of the walking speed. There was significant correla-tion between the lower extremity length A,calf length,width between two greater trochanters and steplength for the children aged from four to six. Conclusion For children aged 4 to 6 years,the steplength,walking speed and gait cycle increase continuously with the increment of age,whereas the ca-dence and percentage of the support phase decrease with the increment of age. The step speed is sig-nificantly correlated with other gait parameters such as the step length,cadence and gait cycle. Thelength of lower extremities,calf length and width between two greater trochanters are the main factorswhich affect the step length.