我国海外流失文物回归途径的实证分析

An Empirical Study of Approaches to the Recovery of the Lost Overseas Chinese Cultural Objects

中华人民共和国成立以来,我国主要利用国际执法合作、国际民事诉讼、协商谈判、回赠与回购等途径回收海外流失文物。这些途径都有成功的案例,但需要进一步完善,可以考虑建立以国家文物行政部门为主导的文物追索机制,设立专门追索机构,健全文物信息登记制度,制定鼓励回赠、规范回购的法律制度,重视发挥博物馆道德准则的作用。同时要加强国际合作,积极参与相关国际公约的解释,促使公约成员切实履行国际义务,加大与主要文物市场国签订双边条约的工作力度,加强与外国学术界、法院、政府部门和收藏机构的交流与合作。特别要综合利用多种回归途径,不断创新海外流失文物返还模式,鼓励国内追索主体积极利用和参与国际民事诉讼途径。

Since the founding of the People＇s Republic of China, the recovery of Chinese cultural objects lost overseas has been achieved through various approaches, including international law enforcement cooperation, transnational civil litigation, negotiation, and gift and purchase. Although applied fully in many successful cases, these approaches require further improvements as below.On one hand, it is advised to establish a repatriation system that centers on administrative departments for cultural objects, to set up a specialized repatriation taskforce or institution, to build up nation-wide inventories of cultural objects,to enact rules to encourage gifts and to regulate purchases, and to value the role and influence of the ethic codes for museums. On the other hand, it is also suggested to strengthen international cooperation, to actively engage in interpreting related international conventions so as to facilitate its implementation in other member states, to conclude more bilateral agreements with major market nations, and to further enhance exchanges and cooperation with foreign academia, courts, administrative agencies and collectors. Furthermore, it is highly advisable to take on a multi-pronged approach in repatriating cultural objects,to constantly innovate patterns to this end, and to encourage Chinese dispossessed owners to make full use of these approaches and actively engage in transnational civil litigation.