自然审美批评的观念与知识基础

Conception and Knowledge Basis of Natural Aesthetic Criticism

当代自然审美批评的有效展开需要观念与知识两个层次的必要基础。观念层面的基础有二:一是来自美学领域的自然美与肯定美学观念;二是来自环境伦理学的自然内在价值与环境美德观念。自然美乃是自然对象与环境自然之真与自然之善的感性呈现,自然审美乃是人类主体对自然对象、环境自身之真与之善的感知、理解与体验,在自然美学和环境美学中区别真、善、美并无必要。当代环境哲学中自然内在价值观念与生态学整体主义观念为肯定美学立场奠定了坚实基础。环境美德乃是一种全范围、无捡择地同情式肯认自然的伦理意识,具体地由尊重自然、关爱自然与敬畏和感恩自然三项具体德性构成。知识层面的基础亦有二:一是由描述、分析与评估三要素构成的自然审美批评理论模型;二是来自自然科学相关领域,特别是地质学、生物学与生态学方面的基本知识。上述理论模型为自然审美批评提供了具有可操作性的技术路径,同时在美学基础理论层面从根本上改变了审美判断的性质,使之从朴素、感性、主观的审美趣味表达成功地转化为专业、理性、客观的审美经验分析。自然审美批评中只有对自然对象、环境的积极性审美判断有效,自然审美批评的核心内容乃是深入、完善地揭示自然对象与环境自身所具有之特性与功能,深入反思社会大众肤浅、主观的不恰当自然审美经验,提倡客观、严肃的自然审美欣赏,开拓当代自然审美新境界,培育环境美德。

Conception and knowledge are the necessaiT basis for ensuring the effective development of contemporaiT natural aesthetic criticism. There ale two bases in terms of conception： the first is about the natural beauty and the affirmative aesthetic conception from aesthetic field; the second is about intrinsic value of nature and environmental virtue conception from environmental ethics. Natural beauty is the perceptual present of natural objects, genuineness and benevolence of natural environment, while natural aesthetics is people＇s perception, understanding and experience of natural objects, and genuineness and benevolence of environment. Therefore, it is unnecessaiT to distinguish truth, benevolence and beauty in natural aesthetics and environmental aesthetics. The conceptions of intrinsic value and ecological holism in contemporary environmental philosophy have laid a solid foundation for affirmative aesthetic standpoint. Environmental virtue is an ethical consciousness that affirms nature in a full scope and without selection, which is made up of three s to nature. There are also two bases in terms of pec kn ific virtues of respect for nature, earing for nature and gratitude owledge： one is the natural aesthetic criticism theory model, composed of three elements： description, analysis and evaluation; the second is the basic knowledge related to natural science, especially geology, biology and ecology. The above theoretical model provides an operable technical path for natural aesthetic criticism, and meanwhile, it fundamentally changes the nature of aesthetic judgment from the perspective of aesthetic basic theory, thus transforming the simple, perceptual and subjective aesthetic taste to professional, rational and objective aesthetic experience. In the natural aesthetic criticism, only the positive aesthetic judgment of natural objects and environment is effective, the cote content of the natural aesthetic criticism is to reveal the characteristics and functions of natural objects and the environment itself in depth, to reflect on the inappropriate natural aesthetic experiences of the public, superficial and subjective, and to promote the objective and serious natural aesthetic appreciation, thus opening up a new realm of contemporary natural aesthetics and cultivating environmental virtues.