Island Megalopolises： Tunnel Systems as a Critical Alternative in Solving Transport Problems

A principal difficulty with island megalopolises is the transport problem, which results from limited sur- face land on an already developed island, on which roads and car parking can be placed. This limitation leads to traffic jams on the small number of roads and to intrusive car parking in any available surface location, resulting in safety issues. The city of Vladivostok is located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula in the Russia Far East region （the Primorsky Krai）. This city is essentially the third capital of Russia because of its important geopolitical location. To address the car traffic problems in Vladivostok, and because of the absence of places to build new roads, the city administration has pro- posed the usage of the beaches and waterfronts along the sea coast in this regard. This decision is in sharp conflict with Vladivostok＇s ecological and social aspirations to be recognized as a world-class city. It also neglects the lessons that have been learned in many other waterfront cities around the world, as such cities have first built aboveground waterfront highways and later decided to remove them at great expense, in order to allow their citizens to properly enjoy the environmental and historical assets of their waterfronts. A key alternative would be to create an independent tunneled transport system along with added underground parking so that the transport problems can be addressed in a manner that enhances the ecology and INability of the city. A comparison of the two alternatives for solving the transport prob- lem, that is, underground versus aboveground, shows the significant advantages of the independent tun- nel system. Complex efficiency criteria have been developed in order to quantify the estimation of the alternative variants of the Vladivostok transport system. It was determined that the underground project is almost 1.8 times more advantageous than the aboveground alternative.

岛上大都市建设的一大关键困难是由有限的岛面用地导致的交通问题——公路及停车场地均需布置在已开发完成的岛上。这一限制便造成了公路数量稀少、路面交通拥堵、停车场地有限、车辆停放不规范等现象,容易引起安全事故。符拉迪沃斯托克市位于俄罗斯远东地区穆拉维约夫-阿穆尔半岛(滨海边疆区)。该市因处在地缘政治要地,所以实际上也是俄罗斯的第三大首府。目前,为解决市内车辆交通问题,同时又考虑到缺少新建公路所需用地,当局就此提议应充分利用海岸沿线的海滩及滨水区域。不过,此项决定却与符拉迪沃斯托克市争创世界一流城市的生态及社会愿景存在明显冲突,且未能吸取世界其他海滨城市的经验教训——最初均在地面上修建了滨海公路,但之后又决定斥巨资拆除公路以合理享用滨海区的环境和历史资产。因此,建设一个独立的隧道交通系统及附加的地下停车场,似可作为解决交通问题的另一关键方案。此种方案的优点在于,它既能有效解决交通问题,又能改善该市的生态环境和宜居性。从解决交通问题的实际出发,在对两种方案进行比较后(即"地下"与"地面"的比较),可以看到独立的隧道系统具有多项主要优势。在比较中,我们提出了一套综合的效率评测标准,用以对符拉迪沃斯托克市交通系统方案的变量进行量化评估。经评估,地下方案比地面方案效率高出近1.8倍。