大革命、国民主权与现代国家建构——马尔贝格的国家法学理论

Great Revolution,Nationals' Sovereignty and Modern Country Construction

国家法学以欧陆"国家一般理论"为核心,在19世纪下半叶到20世纪上半叶达到鼎盛时期,成为德国、法国在法律层面上使国家正当化并建构现代国家制度的重要理论。20世纪著名宪法学者雷蒙·卡尔·德·马尔贝格正是法国一脉的坐标性人物。马尔贝格国家法学思想以大革命实定法为依据,确认国民主权原则,论证其相对于君主主权及人民主权的优越性。在此基础上还提炼了"国家拟制法人说"及"单一国家机关理论"等核心观点。马尔贝格国家法学思想对同时期德国国家法学巨擎拉班德、耶利内克的思想进行批判性继承,在欧陆产生重大影响,为法兰西第五共和国制宪设计提供指引,但也引发了众多批评与争议。在我国法治国家建设的大背景下,马尔贝格国家法学理论对法学意义上国家正当性之证成、国家与国家机关之关系及国家责任制度之完善等议题均有较重大的启发意义。

In the context of constitutional law of China,the research on legal theory of the state is somehow underdeveloped,monopolized by German jurisprudence and influenced by Japanese scholars.When it comes to a situation of assuming background,such theoretical context is easy to become narrow thinking.This article is dedicated to following the main route of Raymond Carréde Malberg＇s therory of the state,whom himself was a famous scholar in this domain in the 20 th century,restoring his contribution on constructing the concept of state against the impacts brought by other German and French theoretical trends of thoughts.Specifically,the first three parts of this article will mainly discuss the establishment of the legal theory of the state and will refer to the thought of the Revolution as its origin.It will conclude the theory＇s logic in three steps：firstly,it will establish the priority of nationals＇ sovereignty compared to the principle of monarchism and popular sovereignty and realized the double shiftings of highest power;secondly,based on the legal theory of the state,it will prove the state as an artificial legal person;thirdly,the state is justified to express its will through national organs like an artificial legal person.On account of logical induction of the former steps,the last two parts of this article contribute to comment the Malberg＇s general jurisprudence and wish to promote legal research in China inspired by Malberg＇s legal thought,especially his conception of the state.