古希腊时期神话和悲剧中的伦理观念

Ethical Concepts in Ancient Greek Mythology and Tragedy

古希腊时期神话和悲剧中的伦理观念大致经历了三个发展阶段。第一个阶段是神话中血缘伦理观念的萌芽。三代天父更替的神话和普遍存在的杀婴神话中,父辈与子辈之间奉行的是弱肉强食和新老更替的自然法则,主人公在血亲相杀过程中内心的恐惧和不安,以及对暴力行为的否定性评价,显示出血缘伦理意识的初步觉醒。第二个阶段是悲剧中血缘伦理观念与城邦伦理观念的冲突与并峙。绝大多数悲剧中的主人公,在城邦伦理观念的冲击和挑战中,选择对以乱伦禁忌和血亲相杀禁忌为核心的血缘伦理观念的坚守。第三个阶段是以悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》为代表的伦理观念的深化和成熟。俄狄浦斯对凶手的追查和自我惩罚,显示了人类在自然法则限定下,对血缘伦理和城邦伦理的信守,成就了极限境遇下的伦理典范。

The ethics of ancient Greek mythology and tragedy roughly experienced three stages of development. The first stage is the germination of the concept of blood ethics in mythology. In the myths of the replacement of father and son and the universal infanticide myths, the father and the children follow the law of jungle and succession of the new to the old. The protagonist＇s inner fear and uneasiness in the process of blood killing and the negative evaluation of violent behavior shows the initial awakening of the consciousness of the kinship ethics. The second stage is the conflict between the concept of blood ethic and the concept of the city. The protagonists of most tragedies, under the impact and challenge of the city-state ethics, choose to hold on to the kinship ethics which is centered on the taboo of incest and killing relatives. The third stage is the deepening and maturity of the ethical concepts represented by the king Oedipus. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus＇ s pursuit of the killer and self-punishment abides by both the kinship ethics and the city-state ethics, achieves an ethical model under the extreme condition of ethical environment.