儒家政教与汉代风俗理论的演变

A Study on the Relationship of Confucian Humanization Opinions and the Evolvement of Custom Theory in the Han Dynasty

经过汉初诸家争锋,儒家思想脱颖而出成为汉帝国的主导意识形态,其移风易俗理论也随之进入实践层面。通过对汉代社会种种恶风恶俗的批判,儒家士人希望以礼正俗,从而达成强干弱枝、崇本节末等目的,使风俗淳美。而其关键则在于国君需以身作则,各级官吏当不兼二业、直言强谏。换言之,儒家的风俗理论不仅是要引导百姓,也要藉此讽谏君主。当然,在此过程中风俗概念及其理论也产生了一些转变:首先,先秦时人多以"乐"移风易俗,风俗意近,而汉人则以风为本,以俗为末,强调以礼正俗;其次,汉人对"俗"多有微词,视其为"礼"的对立面;再次,因对"俗"的否定,汉人进而对原生性风俗的正当性与合理性产生质疑;最后,对地域性风俗的否定源于儒家"大一统"的理论需要与"中国"崇拜。

After the struggle in the early Han Dynasty,Confucianism became the ideology of the Han Empire and its custom theory was also put into practice.Through critiquing some undesirable social customs and habits,the Confucians strived to change the customs with etiquette and wished to form new nice customs in the end.It needed the emperor to make himself as a model,and then his subordinates also should do only one kind occupation and expostulate straightforwardly.In other words,the aim of Confucian custom theory was not only to guide common people,but also to persuade the emperor.Meanwhile,the theory was also changed unavoidably.Firstly,people in the Pre-Qin Dynasty always wanted to change the customs by music(yue),and the meanings of fengand su were similar,but people in the Han Dynasty sawfengas basis and suas minor details,and they wanted to change the customs with etiquette.Secondly,people in the Han Dynasty treated the customs as the opposite of etiquette.Thirdly,people in the Han Dynasty doubted the legitimacy and rationality of proto-somatic customs.Lastly,people in the Han Dynasty negated regional customs because they wanted to construct a unifying theory,so they adored"central plains"at the same time.