上医医国:一位晚明医家日常生活中的医疗与政治

The Relationship between Medicine and Politics Reflected in the Daily Life of a Late Ming Healer

本文试图以晚明儒医缪希雍行医交友处事的日常生活,揭示江南文化、政治生态与生活际遇间的紧密联系,展现晚明政治在日常生活中的渗透路径,探寻儒医在政潮风云中的济世之道。缪希雍由儒入医,虽未涉事政坛,但因医病关系、医学传承,不自觉卷入晚明政治风潮中。参与《嘉兴藏》的编纂,与万历太子案关键人物均有交涉,后世所传天启年间阉党所编《东林点将录》中"神医安道全"甚至疑为缪希雍本人。在冯梦祯、高攀龙、钱谦益等名家士吏之笔下,留下医术高明、义侠云天、亦儒亦医亦侠的至情至性形象。借由此种"反向投影"式的聚焦,可以看到缪希雍作为医者之外的"良相"之举。缪希雍以"觉休居士"、"海虞遗民"自称,自我放逐;江南名士却呼之以"海内奇士"、"义侠"、"布衣韦带",引为同道。缪希雍的医术、性情、行事,堪为"上医医国"理想的典范诠释。波云诡谲的晚明政治变动之下,立庙堂之高者尚难独善其身,处江湖之远者也难免受到波及。晚明的江南与朝堂之间实有切不断的经济、文化、权力与人际关联。"上医医国"既是医者的自我期许,也寄托着士人的天下理想。

This article tries to reveal the close connection between culture and politics by Confucian physician Miao Xiyong＇s daily life in the Yangtze River in the late Ming Dynasty.Miao Xiyong practiced medicine by learning Confucian and medical classics.Although not active in politics,he was unintentionally involved in political agitation in late Ming Dynasty due to his close relationship with patients and his medical inheritance.In the book DonglinDianjianglu,edited by eunuchs during the reign of the Tianqi Emperor（1605-1627）,he was called＂Divine Physician An Daoquan＂.He was also deemed as the first rate doctor who may heal the disease of society by Qian Qianyi in the preface of a medical book written for him.Therefore,to the people who appreciated him,Miao was unearthly unique and free from vulgarity.They also thought he was a Confucian,physician and swordsman who was actually an intellectual commoner.Miu Xiyong acted like a first rate physician and wanted to heal the disease of society in his daily medical life.However,he also called himself＂retired scholar of Juexiu＂and＂drifting people of Haiyu＂,which showed discrepancy of his will of salvation and powerlessness to accomplish it.By observing his way of practicing medicine and dealing things,we can get a glimpse of physicians＇social involvement and the political ecology of that time.