村社制度：青年列宁对于俄国法律发展的社会机理分析

The System of Mir in Russia:The Young Lenin's Analysis of the Social Mechanism of Russia's Legal Development

村社以及与此密切相关的土地和农民问题始终是俄国现代化与法律发展进程中的一个不可回避的重大问题,在很大程度上构成了俄国法治现代化进程的历史起点。马克思充分注意到俄国农村公社或村社制度的情况非常特殊,在历史上没有先例,与西欧村社制度之间存在明显的历史差异性,认为俄国村社制度的历史特征及其所处的时代环境是独一无二的,这就决定着俄国有可能走上一条不同于西欧的独特的社会与法律发展道路。青年列宁创造性地运用马克思的历史唯物主义法哲学世界观与方法论原则,在同自由主义民粹派、"合法马克思主义"和孟什维克主义的论战中,深刻分析了俄国资本主义发展进程中的村社命运,对1861年亚历山大二世"农民解放"法令和1907年斯托雷平土地改革法令及其对于村社制度的影响进行了历史辩证考察,鲜明表达了19世纪与20世纪相交之际俄国马克思主义者的土地法权逻辑,揭示了俄国法律发展的社会机理,从而为1917年十月革命之后把握俄国基本国情、探寻俄国现代化与法律发展道路奠定了重要的思想基础。列宁的理论思考和实践探索,为经济文化落后的国家推进现代化与法律发展,提供了殊为重要的历史启迪。

Mir （i,e. village commune） together with the land and peasant issues related to it is always the unavoidable major problem concerning the modernization and legal development in Russia. To a great extent, it constituted the historical point where Russia began its modernization of rule of law. Karl Marx fully recognized the unprecedented uniqueness of Russia＇s system of Mir which distinctively differed from its Western European counterparts and argued that the uniqueness of Mir in both history and the then social context would make it possible for Russia to take a different social and legal path from Western European countries. Creatively employing Marx＇s methodology of legal philosophy based on his historical materialism, the young Lenin thoroughly analyzed the fate of Mir in the process of capitalism in Russia and conducted a historical and dialectical investigation into the decrees for ＂Emancipation of Peasants＂ in 1861 during the reign of Emperor Alexander II and the decrees for land reform led by Stolypin in 1907 and into the effects of such decrees on the Mir system. Lenin＇s analysis and investigation clearly spoke of the understanding of the logic in legal rights concerning land achieved by the Marxists in Russia at the turn of the 20th century, revealed the social mechanism of the legal development in Russia, and laid a solid theoretical foundation for grasping the basic conditions of Russia after October Revolution in 1917 and exploring a path for Russia＇s modernization and legal development. Lenin＇s theorization and practice offered significant historical lessons for countries lagging behind in culture and economy to promote their own modernization and legal progress.