格列宾希科夫和他的满语、民族志与萨满教研究

On Grebenschikov and His Study on Manchu,Ethnology and Shamanism

理解俄罗斯满学的历史,有必要认真研究亚历山大·维拉迪米洛维奇·格列宾希科夫(AlexanderVladimirovich Grebenschikov)(1880—1941)的学术遗产。他的名字与《尼山萨满故事》手稿的发现密不可分。格列宾希科夫毕业于符拉迪沃斯托克东方研究所,在研究所从事满语教学工作。1908年,他考察了东北瑷珲和齐齐哈尔附近村庄,搜集语言学和民族志方面资料,其考察报告于1909年发表在《亚洲公报》上。在报告中,格列宾希科夫标明并介绍了讲满语和达斡尔语的村庄,他计划在这些地方进行满族萨满教研究。1908年,他在瑷珲地区发现了《尼山萨满故事》手稿。1911年,格列宾希科夫被任命为符拉迪沃斯托克东方研究所满语教授,并建立满语语音学实验室。1932年,他到位于列宁格勒(今圣彼得堡)的俄罗斯科学院东方文献研究所工作。1941年12月,正值二战初期,格列宾希科夫在列宁格勒去世。格列宾希科夫的档案保存在俄罗斯科学院东方文献研究所,其中有珍贵的满族和达斡尔族萨满教资料,萨满神歌用俄语转写,反映了当时满语口语情况。1941年,格列宾希科夫完成了《钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼》的俄文翻译,但至今没有出版。东方文献研究所还保存了一组格列宾希科夫在满洲考察时所摄照片。

The history of Russian Manchu studies could not be written without careful research on the heritage of Alexander Vladimirovich Grebenschikov（1880-1941）. His name is inseparably connected with the dis-covery of The tale of Nisan Shamaness. He was a student and then professor of the Manchu language at the Ori-ental Institute in Vladivostok. In 1908 he travelled in North-Eastern Manchuria and visited villages near Aig-hun and Cicikhar, and collected linguistic and ethnographic material. In 1909 his travel notes were published inthe journal of the Russian Orientalist＇s Society＂Vestnik Azii＂, where he marked and described the villages withspoken Manchu and Daghur languages, as well as places where he planned to continue his studies of Manchushamanism. In Aighun in 1908 he discovered the text of The Tale of Nisan shamaness. In 1911 he was appoint-ed the professor of Manchu language at Vladivostok and opened a laboratory of experimental phonetics to studythe Manchu colloquial language. In 1932 he moved to Leningrad（now St. Petersburg） and worked at the Insti-tute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences. He died in Leningrad at the very beginning ofWorld War II, in December of 1941, Grebenschikov＇s archive is kept in the IOMRAS and contains rare materi-al on Manchu and Daghur shamanism（Fond 75）. All songs are registered in Russian transcription and reflectthe spoken Manchu of that time. In 1941, he finished the Russian translation of the Code of Shamanic Sacrifices,but his translation remains unpublished.