二元代表制下日本东京都政相对独立性的历史解读

The Historical Study on the Relative Independent of Tokyo Metropolitan Government in the Dual Representative System

战后日本的地方自治以知事和地方议会由居民直接选举并相互监督的二元代表制为原则,地方自治体的权力运行主要取决于民意支持以及地方议会对知事的支持与合作,不受中央政府的直接控制,具有相对独立性。东京都作为日本最重要的地方自治体,东京都政不仅具有独立性,而且都知事与都议会的选举结果直接影响各政党在首都的力量消长。逾总人口十分之一的"民意"走向,更使其成为全国政治的"晴雨表"影响国政走向。战后的东京都政经历了保守政党主导下的政官合作、多党化格局下的协商政治、无党派主导下的合作与对抗三个阶段。战后初期,保守政党以及其后成立的自民党,凭借在首都的政党组织票和东京都议会的多数席位,通过支持东京都知事的政治运营实现对东京都政的干预;1965年"刷新都政选举"后,东京都议会呈现多党化格局,自民党被迫选择同各政党展开协商政治;冷战后随着无党派力量的崛起,自民党与东京都知事之间基于彼此利益需求进入到合作与对抗的新阶段。

In post-war Japan, the dual representative system which made by gubernatorial and local council elected and supervised by local residents became the principle of Japan＇s local autonomy. The power operation of the local autonomy mainly relied on the public opinion support and the cooperation of the local council on the governors, which means it was relative independent and wasn＇t directly dominated by the central government. As the most important local autonomy, Tokyo metropolitan government was not only independent, but its election results had direct effect of the growth and decline of the political parties in the capital. Moreover, more than a tenth of the population＇s ＂public opinion＂ trend made Tokyo metropolitan government became a national ＂barometer＂ which could impact the country＇s political fate. After the war, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government experienced three periods, namely the cooperation of political officials under the guidance of conservative parties; the consultative politics under the multi-party structure; and the cooperation and confrontation under the guidance of non-partisan parties. In the early post-war period, conservative parties and the subsequent Liberal Democratic Party of Japan formed their own political seats in the Tokyo Metropolitan Government by virtue of their votes in the capital＇s party organizations and the majority of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. After the ＂reopening of the metropolitan government election＂ in 1965, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government presented a multi-party structure, and the Liberal Democratic Party（LDP） was forced to choose to consult politics with the political parties. With the rise of non-partisan forces after the Cold War, the LDP and Tokyo governors had entered a new stage of cooperation and confrontation based on their mutual interests and needs.