我国评价选拔制度的螺旋式演进和高考公平效益问题的历史观照

Historical Perspective on the Spiral Evolution of the Evaluation and Selection System and the Fair Benefit of the College Entrance Examination in China

本文在考察中国古代评价选拔从综合评价转型为统考评价(分数评价),高考招生则探索从统考评价(分数评价)向综合评价回归的螺旋式演进历程的基础上,探究驱动和制约评价制度演进的政治、经济、教育、文化和技术因素,并聚焦公平和效益范畴进行分析。文章引入信度和效度的概念,并将效益分为"操作效益、质量效益、制度效益"和"直接效益、扩展效益、溢出效益"进行深度讨论。本文的主要观点是:综合评价不是舶来品,我国古已有之;公平和效益在某些环节、某些具体问题上是相互矛盾、相互制约的,在本质上是相通的;察举等综合评价模式在理论上具有很高的效益,但是无法保证起点公平和程序公平,最终是低效益甚至非效益的;从综合评价做减法转型为统考评价(分数评价),主要是扩展效益起作用:中央集权统一国家体制的骨骼、以"仁治"为核心的儒家学派的灵魂和科学选官制度的血液兼信息系统的"三位一体",完成了国家建构;统考评价(分数评价)在直接效益上是一种无奈的差强人意的选择,但它通过起点公平和程序公平,沟通了朝廷与下层知识分子和民意的联系,产生了非常显著的扩展效益,在历史上的某些阶段达成了公平和效益的协调;但法久生弊,对公平的极至诉求绑架了评价选拔制度的设计,形成了对统考评价(分数评价)的依赖并形成文化惯性,从而在溢出效益上出现了弊端。对中国古代评价选拔制度演变的驱动和制约因素的分析,有助于对高考制度演变规律的深层次认识。高考招生模式的多元化、综合评价的推进和扩大、综合评价招生模式和统考统招、注册入学等多种入学模式的并存是发展趋势,但在改革发展过程中必须统筹协调公平和效益的辩证关系,稳中求进、两翼齐飞。

This article explores the political, economic, educational, cultural and technological factors that drive and restrict the evolution of the evaluation system on the basis of examining the transformation from comprehensive evaluation to the unified one in ancient China, which we call it score evaluationnow. Additionally the College Entrance Examination will explore the course of the spiral evolution from score evaluation to comprehensive evaluation. The article introduces the concept of reliability and validity, and divides the benefits into "operational benefits, quality benefits, institutional benefits" and "direct benefits, extended benefits, spillover benefits" for in-depth discussions. The main point of this paper is that comprehensive evaluation is not a foreign product, which has existed in ancient China; fairness and efficiency are contradictory and mutually restrictive on certain aspects and certain specific issues; they are intrinsically linked. The model has a high degree of theoretical efficiency, but it cannot guarantee a fair starting point and fair procedures. It is ultimately low-efficiency or even non-beneficial. Substituting comprehensive evaluations for subtraction into unified evaluations is mainly for expanding benefits and functions; Evaluation(score evaluation) is a helpless and unfavorable choice in direct benefits, but it communicates the relationship between the imperial court and the lower intellectuals and public opinion through fairness at the starting point and procedural fairness, resulting in a very significant expansion of benefits in history. Some stages of the agreement reached fairness and efficiency coordination. However, for a long time, the laws and tricks have led to the abduction of the design of the evaluation and selection system. This has formed a reliance on the evaluation of the general examination(score evaluation) and formed a cultural inertia, resulting in drawbacks in the spillover benefits. The analysis of the drivers and constraints of the evolution of the evaluation and selection system in ancient China will help deepen the understanding of the evolution of the college entrance examination system. The diversification of college entrance examination enrollment modes, the promotion and expansion of comprehensive evaluation, the comprehensive evaluation of enrollment mode, and the coexistence of multiple enrollment modes such as unified entrance examination and enrollment are the development trends.However, in the process of reform and development, it is necessary to coordinate the dialectic relations of the fairness and effectiveness, stability and progress, two wings together.