冷战时期美苏环境保护合作历程探析——以《美苏环境保护合作协议》为中心的考察(1969—1979)

An analysis of the cooperation process of environmental protection between America and Soviet Union during the Cold War: Focusing on the “US-Soviet Environmental Cooperation Agreement”(1969—1979)

冷战时期美苏之间的跨国环境合作,从微观上来看是美苏两国在环境保护和治理层面上进行的经验、制度和措施的交流;从宏观层面来看,涉及到对环境保护的认知、环境外交定位以及战略互信等诸多因素。20世纪60年代末期,在美国环保主义运动发展、政府对外战略调整的背景下,尼克松政府将环境问题纳入到对苏缓和的外交议程中,通过《美苏环境保护合作协议》促进美苏双边关系全方位转向缓和,以维系美苏之间的相对均势。然而,受制于两国对环境保护重要性的不同认知和尼克松对环境外交的定位以及双边战略互信等因素,美苏环境合作之路坎坷且曲折。

Environmental cooperation between U.S and Soviet Union during the Cold War, from a microscopic point of view, refers to the exchange of experiences, mechanisms and measures on environmental protection between two countries. From the macroscopic perspective, it is related to the awareness of environmental protection, strategic trust and many other factors. In the late 1960 s when environmental protection movement arose and the U.S foreign policy began to adjust, the Nixon government incorporated environmental issues into the diplomatic agenda with the Soviet Union, and promoted improvement of the bilateral relations between two superpowers, to maintain a relatively balance in each national strength. The Agreement on Environmental Protection Cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union is an important achievement of the US-Soviet environmental negotiation. However, owing to different perceptions of the importance of environmental protection, and Nixon＇s position on environmental diplomacy, as well as mutual trust in bilateral strategies, the road to environmental cooperation between U.S and USSR is bumpy and tortuous.