马克思实践概念的超越之维——从与亚里士多德实践哲学观的比较谈起

The Transcendent Dimension of Marx's Concept of Practice——A Comparison with Aristotle's Philosophy of Practice

亚里士多德的实践概念是一种道德哲学,偏重于对政治层面的规约,马克思的实践概念则是历史科学,超越了亚里士多德的政治学。将实践哲学研究脚步移入社会学领域,追溯马克思与古人的实践哲学的关联是当下学界的议题之一。马克思在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中对实践进行集中论述,将感性的现实的物质生产劳动归结为实践,以实现对亚里士多德实践、理论、创制三分的改造。马克思实践概念与亚里士多德实践哲学是"异质性"的,并从"知"与"行"的统一、人与自然关系和人际交往两种实践活动整合、"人的本质"的历史生成性三个方面实现了对亚里士多德实践哲学的超越,引出道德实践论——技术实践论——道德技术实践论的实践哲学理论进路。

Aristotle’s concept of practice is a kind of moral philosophy that emphasizes the statute at the political level,and Marx’s concept of practice is historical science and goes beyond Aristotle’s politics. It is one of the issues in the current academic circle to move the research of practical philosophy into the field of sociology and trace the connection between Marx’s and the ancients’ practical philosophy. Marx elaborates on practice in his book On the Outline of Feuerbach,and defines the perceptual and realistic material production as practice,in order to transform Aristotle’s division of practice,theory and creation.Therefore,Marx’s concept of practice and Aristotle’s philosophy of practice are ＂heterogeneous＂,and it transcends Aristotle’s practical philosophy from three aspects： the integration of＂knowledge＂and＂behavior＂,the integration of relationship between human and nature and interpersonal communication,and the historical generation of＂human nature＂,which was the beginning of the development path of practical philosophy： moral practice theory—technical practice theory—moral technical practice theory.