英雄德性与卢梭的政治哲学意图——对卢梭思想中苏格拉底与卡图问题的思考

Heroic Virtue and the Intention of Rousseau's Political Philosophy——Reflections on the Dispute between Socrates and Cato as Understood by Rousseau

由于卢梭既是一位"苏格拉底式哲人",又是著名的现代民主共和哲人,这种复杂的政治哲学身份使得卢梭的哲学意图变得复杂难辨。存在于卢梭思想中的"苏格拉底与卡图之争"构成了理解卢梭统一政治哲学意图的重要切入点。这一问题线索将以不断递进的方式,提示卢梭哲学意图中的三层核心要素。首先,卢梭从对哲学与城邦的双重关切出发,深刻继承了苏格拉底关于启蒙的反思;其次,卢梭以新的自然状态论及自然人性论为基础打造民主政制设计,这一计划本质上源于卢梭在启蒙的新处境下为哲学辩护的内在理由;第三,在卢梭深层哲学意图的推动下,英雄德性问题成为卢梭政治哲学计划能否取得成功的核心。对上述三层要素的总体把握,将有助于在整体上理解卢梭民主共和哲学方案的深层理由及其得失。

As a ＂Socratic philosopher＂,Jean-Jacques Rousseau is also a renowned founding philosopher of modern democratic republicanism. This complexity in identity as a political philosopher has rendered Rousseau＇s philosophical intentions rather difficult to discern. Thus the ＂dispute between Socrates and Cato＂as understood by Rousseau becomes an important clue to the overall intention of his political philosophy. Following this clue,three core aspects of Rousseau＇s intention can be revealed. Firstly,Rousseau＇s double concern over philosophy and the polis is deeply rooted in his Socratic challenge to enlightenment. Secondly,Rousseau＇s design of democracy based on the new theories of human nature is motivated by his systematic endeavor to defend the cause of philosophy. Thirdly,in light of this inner philosophic intention,the question of ＂heroic virtue＂thus becomes essential for Rousseau＇s project of political philosophy. A systematic examination of these three aspects above will shed light on Rousseau＇s deepest concern in his project of republican democracy. Meanwhile,it is also possible to pinpoint the Achilles＇ heel within Rousseau＇s project through such a systematic examination.