商人概念的继受与商主体的二元结构

The Inheritance of the Concept of Merchants and the Dual Structure of the Commercial Subjects

现代商事关系实际上存在两类参与者：商人与非商人。他们都是商事法律关系的主体,享有商事权利,承担商事义务和责任。因此,我国商事主体的构成不仅应保留商人概念,而且应承认实际参与商事关系的非商人的商事主体地位。这类非商人商事主体在金融商事关系中的作用尤为突出。商人识别标准的三要素：实施商行为、以实施商行为为职业,以自己名义实施商行为。非商人不具备商人＂三性标准＂的完全性：有的情形缺乏独立性;有的情形缺乏职业性;但实施商行为则是他们的共性。缺少这个共性,非商人不能成为商事主体。但在特殊情况下,商行为的实施并非其主要目的,仅是其附属行为。

There are actually two types of participants in modern commercial relations：merchants and non-merchants.From a legal prospective,they are both the subjects in commercial relations.They have rights,and they assume obligations and responsibilities in commercial acts.Therefore,the composition of our commercial subjects should not only include the concept of merchants,but also recognize the legal status of nonmerchants in commercial relations.The role of such non-merchants in financial and commercial relations is particularly prominent. This article refined three elements in identifying a merchant：conducting commercial acts,conducting commercial acts as a profession;and conducting commercial acts on behalf of the merchant.Non-merchants do not satisfy all three elements：in some cases,there is a lack of independence;in other cases,the subjects do not conduct commercial acts as a profession.However,one shared character between merchants and nonmerchants is that they both engage in commercial acts.Without this element,non-merchants are not commercial subjects,provided,in exceptional circumstances,the engagement of commercial acts is not its main purpose,but only is subsidiary.