刑事证明标准“中体西用”立法模式审思

Reflection on Legislation Model of “Evidence is Reliable and Sufficient for Essence,Beyond a Reasonable Doubt for Application”

2012年刑事诉讼法引入排除合理怀疑,以解释、界定证据确实、充分,形成刑事诉讼立法中独具特色的证据确实、充分为体,排除合理怀疑为用的中体西用立法模式。然而,立法策略的成功无法遮蔽中体西用立法模式在体系、逻辑方面的瑕疵以及司法适用中的难遂人意,刑事证明标准再改革中＂两个基本＂复归、客观性复兴的逆向而动倾向即为最佳注脚。制度设计者实用主义的立法策略是促成中体西用立法模式的直接诱因,但深层次的原因则是对于认识论的僵化理解及对刑事证明标准定位的失当。未来的改革应当厘清刑事证明标准的定位,明晰其可能的作用与限度;超越体用思维的束缚,尊重实践智慧,实现法律体系的融贯。

＂Beyond a reasonable doubt＂has been introduced into the Criminal Procedure Law（ 2012） to explain and define the standard of ＂evidence is reliable and sufficient＂,which formed a unique legislation model of ＂evidence is reliable and sufficient for essence,beyond a reasonable doubt for application＂in Criminal Procedure Law. The success of legislative strategy can neither veil the system and logic flaws in the legislation model nor blind the difficulties in judicial application. Thus,the best annotation would be the return of ＂two basic standards＂ as well as reversal of ＂objective＂revival in this round reform concerning criminal standard of proof. System designer＇s pragmatist legislative tactics can trigger for this model while the underlying reasons are the rigid understanding of epistemology and the unreasonable orientation of criminal standard of proof. On one hand,future reforms should clarify the definition of criminal standard of proof and explicit relevant possible roles and limits. On the other hand,reforms should go beyond ＂Essence-Function＂thought,respect practical wisdom,and realize the coherence of legal system as well.