北京市规模化畜禽养殖场粪便和污水监测及承载力估算

Monitoring and Carrying Capacity Estimation of Animal Manure and Wastewater in Beijing Livestock Farm

为了解北京市畜禽养殖业环境污染现状,对2016年北京市36家规模化畜禽养殖场的畜禽粪便和污水的监测,运用单因子污染指数法、等标污染负荷法等评价污染现状,并采用氮/磷平衡的理论对北京畜禽污染物的承载能力进行估算。结果表明:粪大肠菌群是畜禽粪便和污水中主要的污染指标;污水中其他污染指标强度:悬浮物>生化需氧量(BOD5)>化学需氧量(CODcr)>氨氮;污染负荷比(猪场污水/牛场污水=5.1),猪场污水是主要的畜禽污水;畜禽粪便中猪粪的重金属污染问题最严重,铜锌超标率超过70%,鸡粪次之,锌超标率46%,牛粪的重金属污染的问题不明显;经估算,畜禽粪便和污水排放养分只占当年土地承载量的70.5%(以N计)、53.0%(以P计),北京耕地能够承载2016年畜禽场产生的畜禽粪便和污水。

The research aimed to study the current situation of livestock environmental pollution in Beijing.The animal manure and wastewater from 36 livestock farms in 9 districts of Beijing were collected and investigated in 2016.The investigation was assessed by single pollution index and equal standard pollution load,and the carrying capacity of animal manure and wastewater in Beijing was estimated by nitrogen and phosphorus balance theory.Results show fecal coliform was the major pollution index in animal manure and wastewater.The pollution intensity of the other pollution index in wastewater：suspended matterBOD5 CODcr ammonia nitrogen.Pollution load ratio for pig farm wastewater and cattle farm wastewater was 5.1.The pig farm wastewater was the major wastewater type in livestock farm.The heavy metal pollution of pig manure in animal manure was the most serious,Cu and Zn exceeded the standard rate by 70% in pig manure,the chicken dung ranked the second,with exceeding rate of 46%.The metal pollution of cattle dung was not obvious;It is estimated that the nutrient emission from livestock manure and wastewater only accounted for 70.5% of the land carrying capacity（take the N）,53.0%（take the P）in that year,and the arable land in Beijing was able to carry the livestock manure and wastewater of 2016.The research could provide data support for policy formulation related to early warning of livestock environment.