伤害与正义:一个环境视角

Harm and Justice:An Environmental Perspective

伴随环境污染加剧,环境伤害已成为一种不容忽视的公共危害。但是一些环境伤害在现实社会中却被看成是合理合法的。制度性和结构性因素隐藏其后,致使某些环境伤害变得隐晦不清。正义讨论便聚焦于这种隐蔽的环境伤害,主要以空气质量标准和海洋公园为例,利用与分配、承认、参与和能力等主题相关的正义理论资源,对制度与结构中环境正义的缺失展开辨析,探究被忽视的环境非正义。在此基础上,指出制度在其中扮演了错误或不适当的角色。为回应环境非正义,制度需要变革。但对差异性的承认使国家的亲环境转向还关涉共同体与个体之间的正当关系问题,生活方式的个人选择权和国家干预权之间存在张力和冲突,这也是一般正义讨论争执的问题。但争论并非无法协调,可以在看似针锋相对的观点中找到结合点,保障个人自由,并使国家承担应有的责任。

Environmental harm has become a public harm that cannot be ignored,along with the aggravation of environmental pollution.However,some environmental harm is perceived to be legitimate and lawful.The systematic and structural elements behind the harm makes it concealed and obscure.Justice discussion focuses on the concealed harm with the examples of air quality standard and Ocean Park.Under the discussion,the disappearance of the environmental injustice is examined,and consequently the ignored injustice is explored by virtue of theories of justice on distribution,recognition,participation and capability.Based on the study,the paper finds that the system is playing a wrong or improper role,which should be changed in response to environmental injustice.However,because of recognition of differences,just relations between the community and the individual are concerned when state favors the environmental protection.There are tensions and conflicts between individual right of choices and state power of intervention,which are also the issues argued in general discussion of justice.But a balanced way is supposed to be discovered to guarantee both the individual freedom and the state responsibility.