救灾与救政:中国古代社会救灾制度反思

Politics Saving and Disaster Relief:Reflection on the Disaster Relief System in China's Ancient Society

灾害的频发严重影响农业的可持续发展,危及王朝的长治久安,历来受到统治者的重视。在重农思想和"灾异天谴"观念的制约下,古代社会形成了"救灾"与"救政"并存的两种救灾框架,这一模式贯穿历朝历代,救灾这种侧重于经济领域的救济事件亦成为政治领域的应急事务。从统治者的反应看,他们往往是救政先于救灾,对政治安定的考虑始终重于灾民的救济,救灾也服务于政治的救济。这种与重农与保民思想相悖的行为,显示对政权稳固的关注才是统治者考虑的重点。

Frequent disasters seriously affected the sustainable development of agriculture,and endangeredthe dynastic lasting political stability,and therefore always received great attention from the rulers. Under the restraints of thoughts of valuing agriculture and concepts of calamity and wrath of the God,in the ancient society, the concurrent disaster relief framework of political saving and disaster relief was formed. From the reaction of the rulers,they tended to save politics before providing any disaster relief,and attached more importance to the political stability than to the victims. Disaster relief also served as a tool for politics saving. Contrary to the ideology of valuing and protecting the people,this kind of behaviors manifested that political stabilization is the focus of governors.