美国在颠覆式创新中如何跨越“死亡之谷”?

How does the US Stride Over the ‘Valley of Death' in Disruptive Innovation?

颠覆式创新是美国战后保持其世界领先科技强国优势地位的决定性因素。在颠覆式创新过程中,联邦政府资助的基础研究与产业界资助的应用性研发之间存在着一条由融资真空带所导致的"死亡之谷",使得大量基础研究成果无法实现商业化。为了解决这一难题,美国政府的作用并没有局限于解决"市场失灵"问题,而是对基础研究成果的商业化过程进行直接干预,通过创建多种混合公私资源的杂交型创新机构,吸引和激励大量私人资本共同推进基础研究的商业化,在信息革命中发挥了巨大作用。而今,迈入社会主义新时代的中国已经在战略上提出要发展颠覆性技术,增强本国原始创新力,但长期以来,基础研究与生产相脱节、商业化率低一直就是中国科技创新中的"老大难"问题,美国颠覆式创新的投融资机制不仅为中国解决这一难题提供了有益借鉴,而且对中国军民融合战略的深化和建设世界科技强国也具有重要的启发意义。

Disruptive innovation is the decisive factor for the United States to maintain its dominant position as the world's leading scientific and technological power after the World War II. In the process of disruptive innovation,there is a ‘valley of death'caused by the financing vacuum belt between the basic research funded by the government and the applied R&D funded by the industry,which makes a lot of fundamental R&D achievements fail to be commercialized. In order to solve this problem,the role of US government is not only restricted to solving the problem of ‘market failure ',but also directly intervening in the commercialization of fundamental R&D achievements. The way that to create innovation hybrids supported by public and private resources,which would attract and encourage lots of private capital to jointly promote the commercialization of basic research,plays a huge role in the information revolution. In the new era of socialism,China has proposed the strategy of developing disruptive technologies to enhance its original innovation capacity,but the fact is that the low rate of commercialization caused by the disjunction between scientific research and production has been the ‘long-standing ' problem for China's scientific and technological innovation for a long time. The investment and financing mechanism of disruptive innovation in the US can not only provide useful references for China to solve this problem,but also have important significance to the deepening of civil-military integration strategy and the construction of scientific and technological powerful nation.