寡断与掣肘:朝廷决策视角下的同文馆之争

Indecision and Making Difficulties:The Tongwen College Dispute under the Perspective of Court Decision

同文馆添设天文算学馆是晚清朝廷决策中的重大事件。由于垂帘听政决策体制存在天然的不足,洋务派和顽固派对王朝中兴所持的理念对立,致使同文馆添设天文算学馆决策一波三折,究其原因有以下几个方面:决策体制不健全,既有的体制未得到遵循;清廷缺乏一个强有力的决策中心;招生方案设计不当危及了顽固派的利益,成了决策争论的焦点;奕?缺乏智囊人物应该具备的素质;慈禧作为皇权的代表,理论上拥有最高的决策权,却缺乏对时局的分析、把控、决断能力;倭仁缺乏处事能力,是不堪重用之才。这一切最终导致洋务派和顽固派在这场决策争论中都没有取得任何好处,同时皇权的威严也遭到了损害。

The establishment of Astronomy and Mathematics schools in Tongwen College was a major event of court decision in the late Qing dynasty.Due to the innate problem of the decisionmaking system by holding court behind a screen,the opposition of dynasty resurgence ideas between the westernization group and the diehards,the establishment of Astronomy and Mathematics schools in Tongwen College was tortuous.The reasons are as follows：unsound decision-making system,divergence from the existing system,lack of a powerful decision-making center in the Qing government;the improper design of the enrollment scheme endangered the interests of the diehards and became the focus of the argument;Yi Xin lacked the required quality of a think tank;Ci Xi lacked the ability to analyze,control and decide the current situation,though as the representative of the imperial power,she possessed the utmost decision-making power theoretically;Wo Ren lacked the handling ability and could not be trusted.Ultimately,both the westernization group and the diehards did not gain any benefit from the debate.At the same time,the majesty of the imperial power was damaged.