国外专业性监管机构的发展及其启示

The Studies of Foreign Professional Regulatory Agencies and the Enlightenments

伴随着市场经济的发展,不管是在经济领域还是在社会领域,不同的国家陆续出现了大量的监管机构。一方面,这些监管机构的出现受到所在国家具体国情、政治架构、文化传统等因素的影响而表现出一定的差异性;另一方面,这些监管机构在保障公共利益、厘清政府和市场边界、解决时间不一致性、提高专业化水平以及降低社会交易成本等方面发挥了重要的作用。虽然这些监管机构的类型不同,但都表现出依法成立、独立程度高、针对性强、权威性高、专业化突出以及透明度高等一般性特征。对当前处于改革时期的中国而言,需要建立与基本国情相符合的、结构合理的监管机构体系,在政府行政机构和监管机构之间合理进行权力配置,厘清规制机构和竞争机构的边界,并有效监督监管者。

With the development of market economy, establishment of many types of professional regulatory agencies has been done both in the economic fields and the social fields in many countries. On the one hand, there are some differences for those regulatory a-gencies because the appearance of the agency is affected by the specific national conditions, political construction, cultural traditions and other factors. On the other hand, these regulatory agencies are playing the important roles of guaranteeing the public interests, clarifying the boundaries between the government and the market, solving time inconsistency, improving the professional level and reducing the so-cial transaction cost. No matter what kind of professional agencies is, those agencies can show the general characteristics, such as estab-lishment by law, a high degree of independence, pertinence, authoritativeness, outstanding specialization and high transparency. For the current reform in China, it is very necessary to establish the reasonable structure of regulatory system, which is consistent with the na-tional conditions, and to scientifically distribute the power between the government agencies and the regulatory agencies, and to clarify the boundary between the regulatory agencies and the antitrust enforcement agencies, and to effectively supervise the monitor.