中美一流学科的校际布局特征及对我国建设一流学科的启示

The Characteristics of Intercollegiate Distribution of the First-Class Disciplines in China and the United States and the Enlightenment to China's Construction for First-Class Disciplines in China

科学、合理的一流学科布局战略能够为我国尽快建成世界一流大学和一流学科提供良好的保障。研究表明:一流学科主要分布在一流大学,而美国一流学科在世界一流大学中聚集度高于中国。一流大学能够为一流学科的发展提供追求一流的文化传统和容易达成共识的有利于一流学科成长的体制和机制。一流学科难以在非一流大学中分布的原因在于:多数非一流大学中弥漫着满足平庸的发展取向,其裹挟效应和照顾多数低水平学科的拉低效应使一流学科难以持续发展。我国在布局一流学科时应做到:充分厘清效率和公平的关系,主要将一流学科布局到世界一流大学;对非一流大学中的一流学科要以学院为单位建设相对独立的飞地,进行适度的文化隔离和文化重建,即在飞地中建设有利于一流学科发展的一流文化,从而产生溢出和拉升效应。

A scientific and rational first-class discipline distribution strategy can supply a good guarantee for China to build the world-class universities and first-class disciplines as soon as possible. The research shows that the first-class disciplines are mainly distributed in the first-class universities,while the first-class disciplines in the United States are more concentrated in the world-class universities than those in China. The first-class universities can provide first-class cultural traditions and systems and mechanisms that are easy to reach consensus for the development of first-class disciplines. The reason why first-class disciplines are difficult to distribute among nonfirst-class universities is that most non-first-class universities are filled with passive development that meets mediocrities. Their coercive effects and considering the majority of low-level disciplines make it difficult to sustain the development of first-class disciplines. To distribute the first-class disciplines in China,we should fully clarify the relationship between efficiency and fairness,and mainly distribute the first-class disciplines to the world-class universities. For the first-class disciplines in non-first-class universities,we must build a relatively independent enclave with college as the unit,to conduct appropriate cultural isolation and cultural reconstruction,that is,build a first-class culture which can conducive to the development of first-rate disciplines in the enclave,and thus creating spillover and pull-up effects.