流亡者的记忆诗学——以斯蒂芬·茨威格自传为例

A Study of Exiles' Memory Poetics in Stefan Zweig's Autobiography

流亡是自传的催生剂。纳粹时期,德奥流亡作家中之所以掀起自传写作热,一是出于述说个人记忆、重建身份认同的精神需要,二是出于保留"昨日欧洲"文化记忆的主动选择以对抗纳粹歪曲历史的文化政策。流亡自传面对的诗学问题是"如何再现个人记忆"以及"如何言说记忆"。文章重点以斯蒂芬·茨威格的自传《昨日世界——一个欧洲人的回忆》为例,探讨纳粹当政时期德奥流亡作家怀想故国时所采取的不同的记忆策略及其诗学形式,并将其与瓦尔特·本雅明的流亡回忆录《一九〇〇年前后的柏林童年》做比较。两个文本提供了不同的记忆诗学模式,这一点亦可在德语流亡文学时期的"表现主义"和"现实主义"之争中找到回响。

Exile promotes the writing of autobiography.During the Nazi period,German and Austrian writers in exile have set off a wave of passion for autobiographical writing for two reasons.The first is the spiritual need to tell personal memories and rebuild identity and the other is the active choice to preserve the cultural memories of ＂Europe yesterday＂in order to counter Nazi cultural policies that have distorted history.The poetic problems facing exile autobiography are ＂how to reproduce personal memory＂and ＂how to express memory＂.Taking Stefan Zweig＇s autobiography Die Welt von Gestern.Erinnerungeneines Europers as an example and comparing it with Walter Benjamin＇s memoir in exile Berliner Kindheit um 1900,the paper discusses the different memory strategies and poetic forms adopted by German and Austrian exiled writers during the Nazi period when they reminisced about their homeland.The two texts provide different modes of memory poetics,which can also be found in the debate between＂expressionism＂and＂realism＂in the period of German Exile Literature.